Racism and Anti-Semitism in the United States

Racism and Anti-Semitism in the United States Racism and Anti-Semitism in the United States With The election of the first black president of the United States, Barrack Obama people believed it to be the end of racism in the U. S. Although The United States has made tremendous progress and racism and anti-Semitism are discouraged and not tolerated in many U. S. organizations, it is still a wide spread problem facing Americans today. There are large amounts of evidence reguarding racial profiling in our justice systems, schools, and financial institutions.Hate crimes and race inflicted vandalism continue to be a problem in our culture. It is apparent that even though we have made great strides away from racism the United States still continues to struggle with acts racism and Anti-Semitism. Racism can be found throughout the United States, from government to schools and even churches. While most would say that Obama was elected because of dedication to public service, intelligence and a great campaign, others would argue it was more than that that got him his presidency. With everything the U. S. as experiencing from wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, increasing unemployment, People were reaching for any kind of change that could have made a difference. Since President Obama came into office there has been a 400% increase of threats since President George W. Bush, reaching the highest number of threats in history (Chelala, 2010). This can be mostly contributed to the race of president Obama, while threats against the president are common due to policy and beliefs there are many groups whom do not wish to have a black man running the country.Racism can also be found in our law enforcement systems, in the form of racial stereotypes. While these racial stereotypes have lessened over the years, and become less apparent, or common, there are still many concerns about its presents in our legal system. Though racial stereotyping is illegal the statistical evidence is overwh elming. In an article by D. E Rogers, He argues that â€Å"Simply being an African-American greatly increases your chances of being pulled over by police. One study in Maryland found that 76 percent of motorists stopped on a stretch of highway wereAfrican-Americans, while African-Americans only held 20 percent of all drivers licenses in the state† (Rogers, 2010). In another study, published by Stanford Business, Lowery demonstrates â€Å"how racial stereotypes subtly operate in the penal system. Los Angeles police and probation officers were asked to make judgments about a hypothetical adolescent (whose race was not identified) who had allegedly either shoplifted or assaulted a peer. Certain officers were first subliminally exposed towards commonly associated with African Americans (such as ghetto, homeboy, dreadlocks, etc. on a rapidly flashing computer screen so that they took in the information subconsciously. In contrast to subjects who did not receive this â€Å"primin g,† officers with the subconscious messaging attributed more negative traits and greater culpability to the hypothetical offenders, and they endorsed harsher punishment—all typical responses to black as opposed to white offenders. â€Å"What's particularly interesting is that many of the officers were African Americans themselves,† Lowery notes. â€Å"This shows the degree to which even African Americans can be affected by the negative associations in the environment† (Rigoglioso, 2008).African-Americans are one of the highest groups to be stereotyped there are many other groups that are targeted as well. According to American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) since the event of September 11th 2001, Muslims, Arabs and other Middle Eastern citizens are widely targeted by law enforcement and other organizations. This set of stereotypes has become more targeted than African Americans do to the uncertainty of their crimes or what they are capable of. Citizens of Mi ddle Eastern decent are not only stereotyped on the streets but in businesses and air ports. September 11 had a substantial impact on Arab American communities. In every site, Arab Americans described heightened levels of public suspicion exacerbated by increased media attention and targeted government policies (such as special registration requirements, voluntary interviews, and the detention and deportation of community members). Although community members also reported increases in hate victimization, they expressed greater concern about being victimized by federal policies and practices than by individual acts of harassment or violence† (Henderson, Ortiz, Sugie ; Miller, 2006).Today racism is discouraged and crimes against race or hate crimes are a federal offence. Most Americans who do experience racist thoughts and or ideas would most likely never admit to them, and yet there are still increasing numbers of acts of racism in our country. â€Å"Even among the most well-i ntentioned and consciously egalitarian people non-conscious associations about ethnic groups still have a pernicious effect on behavior and attitudes†(Rigoglioso, 2008).Lowery also explains that his research â€Å"confirms that children who identify strongly with parental figures tend pick up their parents' racial views† (Rigoglioso, 2008). This observation can be both bad and yet promising, because children can also pick up and spread non-racist behaviors as well. Though groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and other racist organizations are social out casts, they are still existent in American culture today, but do not freely announce their beliefs in the streets as they did many years ago.So does the evidence remains in the continuous acts of violence that are apparent to racial aspects? From beatings to killings and all around cruel behavior towards and against many different races all across the United States continue to take place daily and numbers continue to rise. Is the American culture truly free from Racism and Anti-Semitism? There are those who believe that Racism is going away or has even become non- existent in the United States.Many people sometimes refer to this as racism denial, those who do not see or choose not to see the growing racial occurrences in the United States. Racism is defiantly not as blatant as it once was, is it possible that we have just moved on or transitioned to a new definition of racism? It can be said the new form of racism is in the denial of racism. According to John McWhorter, racism in America is gone; he stated that even though Americans will continue to be imperfect, and races will still be stereotyped, some races will still receive special treatment or different treatment than others.But he believes that as a whole or majority of America has moved past racism as it is no longer a huge problem in the United States, as it once was in the past (McWhorter, 2008). Most who believe that racism in the United Stat es of America is over, believe that it officially ended in 2008 when we elected our first black president. These people or groups of people can most likely be categorized as denying racism. Does the election of a black president truly mark the end of racism in our country? America will always suffer from the results of slavery and will always be tarnished with these memories.But for many years America has allowed citizens of every race to achieve anything and attend any school, but the fact remains that some Americans hold racial beliefs and tend to target or inflict these beliefs on others. So maybe America as a country is no longer suffering from racism, but the evidence remains that many Americans as individuals still hold to racist beliefs. So due to continued acts of racist crimes, comments and stereotyping found in our schools, law enforcement and business, the fact remains there is still racism in our country, even if we choose not to see it or acknowledge it.The election of a black present was a great turning point for our country but was not the end of racism and anti- Semitism for the United States of America. References Chelala, C. (2010, April 02). Is racism still alive in America? Retrieved from https://www. commondreams. org/view/2010/04/02-7Hillen, John. Henderson, N. , Ortiz, C. , Sugie, N. , & Miller, J. (2006, June). Law enforcement & arab american community relations after september 11, 2001. Retrieved from http://www. vera. org/download? file=147/Arab+American+community+relations. pdf McWhorter, J. 2008, December 30). Racism in America is over. Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/2008/12/30/end-of-racism-oped-cx_jm_1230mcwhorter. html Rigoglioso, M. (2008, January 01). Racial stereotypes can be unconscious but reversible . Retrieved from http://www. gsb. stanford. edu/news/research/hr_racialstereotypes. shtml Rogers, D. E. (2010, June 30). Racism vs. African-Americans in America. Retrieved from http://theworldofdavid. wordpress. com/2010 /06/30/racism-vs-african-americans-in-america-today-at-a-glance/ http://www. aclu. org/racial-justice/racial-profiling

Fuzzy Topsis Method

Fuzzy TOPSIS method This is an approach based on the TOPSIS technique (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and the fuzzy set theory. The TOPSIS method is based on the concept that the optimum option has the least distance from the positive ideal solution. It is a linear weighting technique, which was first proposed, in its crisp version by Chen and Hwang(1992), with reference to Hwang and Yoon(1981).Since then, this method has been widely adopted to solve MCDM problems in many different fields. Because decision information is uncertain instead of certain in most environments, further extension for group decision making problems under fuzzy environment was published by Cheng(2000),known as Fuzzy TOPSIS. The selection of the third-party provider is a typical MCDM problem. In this method firstly we screen out providers that have not minimal qualifications by the selection criteria.Then closeness coefficient of contractors to each proposal will be computed by Fuzzy TOPSIS method and finally these coefficients as successful indicators for each provider will be fed in to a linear programming to select most profitable projects and providers with respect to the constraints. The stages are described blow: Stage1: Eliminate contractors that haven't minimal qualifications. For the purpose of analysis, selection criteria need to be rationally selected at first. There are a lot of researches with respect to the decision criteria for evaluating the supplier.Such as the study of Dickson(1966), Ellram (1990),Weber et al. (1991), ,Grupe (1997), and Akomode et al. (1998). According to an empirical survey, the top four selection criteria are responsiveness to service requirements, quality of management, track record of ethical importance, and ability to provide value-added services. The less important selection criteria are listed in a descending order as below: low cost, specific channel expertise, knowledge of market, personal relationship with key c ontacts, willingness to assume risk, investment in state-of- art technologies, size of firm, and national market coverage.Keeping the outcomes of the supplier selection literature review as a guideline, we derived the relevant factors to evaluate in the provider selection process based on the outsourcing view. However selection of criteria is totally industry specific and based on each case and the criteria are changed and replaced. Then opinions of decision makers on criteria were aggregated and weights of all criteria have been calculated by organizing the expert meeting. Meanwhile, the outcomes of the supplier selection literature review should be kept as a guideline.Stage2: Computing closeness coefficient (CC) for each project by fuzzy TOPSIS method So after we have obtained the important evaluation criteria and the qualified provider candidates to form the MCDM problem,the ranking of the shortlisted vendor providers will be done using the fuzzy TOPSIS approach. First,choose the appropriate linguistic variables for the importance weight of the criteria ,asses the importance of each contractor in each project with respect to each criterion by DM, using linguistic variables.Convert these evaluation into triangular fuzzy numbers with fuzzy weight for each criterion. Fuzzy weight wj of criterion C j are obtained with regard to DM’s opinions. Then the importance of the criteria and the rating of alternatives with respect to each criterion and the aggregated rating Xij under criteria C j can be calculated as: Wj=1K[Wj1+Wj2+†¦+Wjk] xij=1K[xij1+xij2+†¦+xijk] Wjk is the importance weight of the kth decision maker. xijk is the rating of the kth decision maker. Construct the normalized fuzzy decision matrix.If we describe the linguistic variables by triangular fuzzy numbers, xij=(aij,bij,cij) and wij=(wj1,wj2,wj3)then we can get the fuzzy decision matrix denoted by R, and R= R=[rij]m? n. rij=(aijcj,bijcj,cijcj) rij=(aj-aij,aj-bij,aj-cij) Next, the we ighted normalized fuzzy decision matrix is constructed by : V=[vij]m? n, i=1,2,†¦,m j=1,2,†¦,n Where vij=rij(. )wj After all of these analysis and calculation ,a positive-ideal solution (PIS, A+) and a fuzzy negative-ideal solution (NIS,A-) as the criterion are chosen.The best alternative solution should be the closest to the Positive Ideal Solution (PIS) and the farthest from the Negative Ideal Solution (NIS). A+=(v1*,v2*,†¦,vn*) A-=(v1-,v2-,†¦,vn-) vj*=1,1,1 vj-=0,0,0 Calculate the total distance of each components from the fuzzy positive ideal and negative ideal: ? If A and B are two fuzzy numbers as follows, distance between these fuzzy numbers is calculated by equation below: A=(a1,b1,c1) B=(a2,b2,c2) Equation : DA,B=13[a2-a12+b2-b12+c2-c12]Given the above description on how to calculate the distance between fuzzy numbers, the distance of components from positive and negative ideas can be derived respectively as: di*=j=1nd(vij,vj*), i=1,2,†¦,m di-=j=1nd (vij,vj-), i=1,2,†¦,m In the end,the relative closeness coefficient (CC)of each contractor-project in each criterion can be calculated as: CCi=di*di-+di+, i=1,2,†¦,m Stage3: Selecting the best projects and related contractors Select the best projects and related contractors by ranking options based on the descending cci.An alternative with index cci approaching 1 indicates that the alternative is close to the fuzzy positive ideal reference point and far from the fuzzy negative ideal reference point. A large value of closeness index indicates a good performance of the alternative. A case study: The proposed methodology for supplier selection problem, composed of TOPSIS method, consists of three Steps: (1) Identify the criteria to be used in the model; (2) weigh the criteria by using expert views; (3) evaluation of alternatives with TOPSIS and determination of the final rank.The case is that of a major company operating in the dairy products field. In the first phase, the pr oject team operated mainly through roundtable discussions on developing their main selection criteria. After identity the criteria attributed under consideration, five alternatives suppliers are written in the list. There are several criteria need to be considered, and each vendor’s information under each criteria are collected, calculating each vendor’s overall rating weight, shown in Table 2. (Mohammad Saeed Zaeri,2010) Finally, the closeness coefficient was calculated to rank alternatives.The results obtained are shown in Table 4: (Mohammad Saeed Zaeri,2010) The order of rating among those vendors is Supplier3;gt; Supplier 4;gt; Supplier 1;gt; Supplier2;gt;Supplier5, the best vendor would be Supplier3. To conclude, the TOPSIS method had several advantages. First, TOPSIS makes it possible to appraise the distances of each candidate from the positive and negative ideal solutions. Second, it allows the straight linguistic definition of weights and ratings under each cr iterion, without the need of cumbersome pairwise comparisons and the risk of inconsistencies.It evaluates the projects and each provider more precisely by expert decision makers in each stage of the whole process. Moreover, the method is very easy to understand and to implement. All these issues are of fundamental importance for a direct field implementation of the methodology by logistics practitioners. However TOPSIS is proved to be insensitive to the number of alternatives and has its worst performance only in case of very limited number of criteria. In order to apply fuzzy TOPSIS to a MCDM problem, selection criteria have to be monotonic.

Impacts of the Modern Atomic Model Essay

The Bohr model is a primitive model of the hydrogen atom. As a theory, it can be derived as a first-order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics, and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory. However, because of its simplicity, and its correct results for selected systems (see below for application), the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to quantum mechanics, before moving on to the more accurate but more complex valence shell atom. A related model was originally proposed by Arthur Erich Haas in 1910, but was rejected. The quantum theory of the period between Planck’s discovery of the quantum(1900) and the advent of a full-blown quantum mechanics (1925) is often referred to as the old quantum theory. The economics of our world are based around money and social status within the population. The economics of a country could cause its leaders to change, prices to skyrocket, and eventually its economic situation could affect the rest of the world. For example, Hitler came to power in Germany because the Germans were going through an economic crisis. Hitler promised them that he could get them out of that depression, and because the people of Germany believed him and gave him power, Hitler was able to start a mass assassination of people in other countries. However, the point isn’t about world domination through economics, it is about the people involved in the economy and how they are affected. It is about the people who live their life based on moving up the economic ladder, making more money, and having a higher power in the economy. In Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoevsky presents different characters who represent diverse levels in the economics of the country in which they are living. He uses Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladov to show the group of people who are on the low level of society. Dostoevsky also uses Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin to show the class of people who use their money and status to control others; these are the people on the high level of society.

Literature Review on Roles Played Essay

Dalton (2002) had focused on what managers do, which are behavioural roles, rather than the reason or method used by these managers. He recognized that variations in cultural beliefs, values and norms as well as variations in managerial style challenged the performance of global managers. On the other hand, Rifkin (2006) said that soft skills may be more important for global managers to be effective. He suggested three steps companies and managers can take to better prepare for the challenges of managing globally, which are:†¢ To develop a clearer understanding of the challenges of managing people across borders;†¢ To instill in new global managers an awareness of and an appreciation for the vast differences among cultures in which they do business; and†¢ To give global managers the tools and support they need to succeed. Writing on international management and cross-cultural perspectives, Adekola (2007) stated that like the domestic managers, international managers must also adhere to the four major roles of planning, organizing, directing and controlling. He said that planning assures that the business organization has some idea of its purpose, where it is heading and how it will achieve its objectives. International managers must consider not only local conditions but also overall international operations in their short or long-range preparations to achieve their goals. They must be aware of the extent to which employees, local customers, government officials and suppliers are likely to accept or resist changes. Adekola (2007) also stated that control for an international manager includes ensuring that what is happening is what was intended to happen. Control is used in different ways by the organization depending on the level and scope of its application. He quoted Miller (1987) who said that for an international manager, â€Å"control should provide managers with the information necessary to monitor the operations of the firm to help achieve its global strategy†. According to Adekola (2007), â€Å"international direction and leadership style is the way in which a manager chooses to fulfill leadership, delegation, communication and supervision responsibilities. These choices reflect both personal and cultural differences. †He believed that international managers’ roles can be very effective when a manager can learn and develop leadership functions such as completing organizational work through employee motivation, getting commitment, energizing employees’ behaviour and by creating personal interests and excitement in the organization’s goals.

Business Competition Essay

Abstract   In this paper, I am discussing the relevance of the peaceful humanitarian cocept to the hard environment of business compeition. The paper will elaborate types of competition and how they exist in the global world. The paper also reveals shortly on their roles and benefits in the global world. In the final chapter, the paper discovers that the latest developmet of business practices gave birth to further tendencies toward the peaceful humaitarian concept. The increasing practice of CSR concepts is an indication that the peaceful competition atmosphere is gaining attention within the business world. Business Competition Proposition:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The nature of competition in modern business environment can co-exist with the peaceful humanitarian ideals Introduction Business and competition has always been inseparable activities in life. Furthermore, as activities of business became the most important activities of our lives, we identify our world with competition and competitive acts. In the midst of this hard and competitive world, we often forgot that we do not exist simply to do business; instead, we do business in order to maintain our existence. In the light of this logic, we should be able to comprehend the role of business as one of the facilitators of life and not becoming life itself. Life on the other hand, is depending on how we choose to live. Mother Theresa, one of the most loved humanitarian in the world, often stated that in the midst of all the hub-hubs, people tend to loose their inner peace, in the sense that they forget what they live for or what makes their life valuable. In one of the speech, she stated that this is caused by the tendencies of our environment. Mother Theresa stated that we lost of sense of peace in life because we forget how to care for each other and co-exist in peace. In this paper, I am trying to address the relevance of these humanitarian ideals to the modern business environment. Can there be peace among the competitive nature of the business environment and the peaceful ideals of the humanitarian concept? The paper will display some arguments regarding this topic (‘Competition vs Cooperation’, 2007). Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short, business understanding, competition is the act of striving against other for dominance or attainment of goals. Today, the term is familiar to us in various fields like politics, sports, business, etc. In this paper however, we are aiming to focus on business competitions rather than other types of competitions. Levels of Competitions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In business competition has slightly different definition than in other respects. It is the independent effort of two or more parties to secure business by offering the most favorable terms and business conditions to the third party. Competition in the world of business can be found right in heart of every business endeavors themselves. Experts identified three types of competition in its relevance to business. The first type is called direct competition. Direct competition is the field where products that has the same functions compete against each other. Business conditions could lead owners and managers to avoid such competition by differentiating product features, or to seek for it by offering the products with similar virtues as others (Kohn, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second type of competition in business is called substitute competition. These means products and services that substitute for each other compete. Business competition can also lead managers to create substitution products to take away a part of the market share from their competitors. The third type of competition in business endeavors is called the budget competition. This is the general form of competition in business. It involves competing for consumer’s disposable income. This means that in the business world, any products with any feature are generally in competition with one another.   Different Forms of Competitions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides existing in different levels, competition in the business world also exist in different forms. For instance, competition exists whether internally or externally within most companies. Beside the external competition we are accustomed with, there is the internal competition that occurs within companies. Often, managers of the company themselves created the competitive atmosphere inside the corporate structure. Sometimes, this is done by deliberately creating overlapping areas which causes divisions to compete against each other. Furthermore, the leader of the company can also instill competition between different product managers or brand mangers. They can compete in terms of sales or growth of sales of the products or brands under their responsibility (Ryckman, 1994). Business Competition and Its Global Practices In the increasingly global atmosphere of competition, companies are now fighting not only against its neighbor companies, but also companies that headquartered thousands of miles away. The prevalence of communication and information technology has allowed this condition. Companies are creating businesses regardless of national and cultural boundaries. Some countries however, reacted by limiting the competition that might occur within their territories by restricting trade activities to certain levels. Because competition is subject to legal restrictions in most independent countries, it can be legally prohibited using monetary or fiscal tools and also trade barriers (Kohn, 1986).. However, instead of limiting competition between them, countries can compete against each other using competition policies and competition law. The competitions between countries are often varying subtle and hard to detect, however, their presence in the global economy are apparent for business observers. For instance, the United States, Japan, and The European Union are always in fierce but disguised competition to achieve economic supremacy in the global markets (Kohn, 1986). Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the tension and difficulties created by competition, most have understood that competition is a natural part of life. By this, I mean that along with its good and bad effects, the human race will always need competition to survive. This is proven by researches in the biology field, where competition created adaptation and the tendency to constantly improve oneself. In the business world, competition is seen as the pillar of capitalism itself. Competition in the business world stimulates creativity and innovation, supports eficency, lowering prices and enhances product qualities. Competition is also the reason why companies develop new technologies, new products and new services, which provided us better and broader product selection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, competition is also recognized for its negative effects. It leads to duplicated effort and in some conditions, increased costs. Competition often leads to stressful way of life and destructive behaviors. Psychologically, over-competition will create a highly stressful environment which is horrible for a human soul. Materially, competition could lead to unjust acts of economic endeavors. Frauds and similar activities ruin the image of business as they are finally revealed to the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, I personally believe that even the harsh competitive world of business has its compatibility with ideals of humectation concepts. For instance, recent development indicated the prevalence of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) demands and initiatives. People are starting to realize that companies are also parts of the society which contains the obligations to co-exist in harmony within its environment. Companies are now demanded that they take full responsibility for their actions in consideration of the economic, social and environmental issues. Ethical concerns and competition laws are gaining people’s attention in evaluating corporate performance. Companies are actually loosing customers for their bad social values (Leef, 1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observing the latest development in the world of business, we can conclude that the humanitarian principles have taken their place in business activities. People in general have started to develop the sense that business endeavors should not be above the values of life. In a sense, the practice of business must now take account of social values and environmental concerns. Although we haven’t seen such a development that would allow Mother Theresa’s philosophy of peace to be the guiding light for global business practices, but the direction of today’s development indicated that the scenario of a peaceful competition atmosphere as suggested by Mother Theresa is gaining supporters. References Kohn, Alfie. 1986. ‘No Contest – The Case Against Competition’. Boston New York London: Houghton Mifflin Co. Ryckman, R. M., Thornton, B., Butler, J. C. 1994. ‘Personality correlates of the hypercompetitive attitude scale: Validity tests of Horney’s theory of neurosis’. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 84-94 ‘Competition vs Cooperation’. 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-spectrumfive.htm Leef, George C. 1996. ‘The Virtues of Competition’. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from   http://www.libertyhaven.com/theoreticalorphilosophicalissues/ethics/virtucomp.html      

Motorcycle Safety

About 3,000 people die everyday on roads around the world with another 30,000 more surviving but are severely disabled.   At this rate, road traffic accidents may become the third leading cause of death worldwide by the year 2010 (Wells, Mullin, Norton, Langley, Connor, Lay-Yee, R. & Jackson, 2004).   Because of the severity of this issue, the authors have conducted a study to determine the causes of road traffic accidents among motorcycle drivers.   The study was focused to determine if the ability of motorcyclists to be seen on the road to be a vital cause for motorcycle accidents on the road (Wells, et al., 2004). The study was conducted over a period of three years in Auckland, New Zealand where the authors selected 150 survey sites on major motorways.   The study was conducted on random times between six in the morning and midnight on different days of the week and different directions of travel. The participants of the survey were randomly selected on the road and were interviewed as to whether they use their headlights during the daytime, if the driver uses reflective or fluorescent clothing materials while on the road, the color of the motorcycle vehicle, the color of the clothing of the driver and the helmet color used by the driver.   Based on their findings, they were able to conclude that the use of headlights during the daytime, reflective or fluorescent clothing and light color helmets greatly reduced the chances of the driver from being involved in a motorcycle accident that may result to severe injuries or death (Wells, et al., 2004). Although the article was informative as to what precautions a motorcycle driver can take in order to avoid getting involved into a major road accident that could kill the driver or leave the driver permanently disabled, the study is very limited in that they only concentrated on how the visibility of the motorcycle driver is on the road.   It did not take into consideration other factors such as alcohol consumption on the part of the motorcycle driver or other motor vehicles, speeding and drowsiness. References Wells, S., Mullin, B., Norton, R., Langley, J., Connor, J., Lay-Yee, R. & Jackson, R.   (2004, February 2).   Motorcycle rider conspicuity and crash related injury: case-control study. BMJ. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.      

Ecosystem Structure, Function, and Change Paper Essay - 1

Ecosystem Structure, Function, and Change Paper - Essay Example This area has aquatic plants and macrophytes, then the euphotic zone where less light penetrate is the habitat for fishes, invertebrates and algae. The lake being shallow does not have deep waters where big fishes survive. This lake mostly has plants, algae, small fishes, insects and amphibians. The lake has bottom sediment known as benthic zone and has a surface layer rich in microorganisms. The upper layer of the sediments is active with the benthic organism, insects and small crustaceans. There are abundant forms of larvae, flies and insects along with fish and other predators looming around the shore and water surface. The lake has a flat mucky bottom which offers plenty of rich food supplies to benthic organisms but is less protected as it has fewer amounts of higher plants which inhibits the formation of higher diversity of structural habitat. This lake is not having much of human interference unless on selected days when people come to visit the place .Some days in a week families and young people do visit the area due to its natural beauty. However, it is seen that people do leave lot of garbage on the lake and its shore which has polluted the lake to an extent. There had been debris of plastic bags, cigarettes, cans, bottles, food waste and plastic wastes. So it is obvious that chemicals might have seeped into the soil and water content of the lake. Plastic bags are a huge pollution to aquatic life and they can release all types of chemicals in to the water body and its eco system. As per (Collazo,2012) â€Å"Humans are directly responsible for the decline of population of certain animals in the littoral zone. Humans harvest animals and plants for food, bait, home aquariums, collections, etc.†. This debris like cigarettes, bottles and cans can release chemicals which can again increase the nitrogen and phosphorus content in water that can have adverse effect on the ecosystem.

Monsters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monsters - Essay Example The film assumes that artificial life creatures will be more female oriented than male and that technology will wrap itself around this premise. Keywords: dystopia, sexuality, technology, futuristic, robotic double, strata of society, freedom and equality, maschinenmensch, castration anxiety, love story, apathy, vamp, seven deadly sins, purge, male domination. The author of Metropolis, Thea Gabriele von Harbou (1888  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ1954), was the wife of film director and script writer, Fritz Lang (1890-1976), from 1922 till 1933. Von Harbou took two years to write what she started as a book in 1922, but converted into a screenplay in 1924. It did surface as a book also, in 1926. Forrest J. Ackerman (1916-2008), one of the foremost Science Fiction writers of the past century and the creator of the term ‘sci-fi’ (www.mania.com), felt that the book was, by the standards prevailing then, a shade melodramatic, had hints of propaganda, with the themes propounded somewhat naà ¯ve. Still, the novel was a remarkably powerful and forward-thinking dystopia with a striking denouement (ibid). Set in 2026 (www.answers.com), the scene is the futuristic sixty million strong megacity of Metropolis (www.moria.co.nz). In a ‘rich boy meets poor girl’ story, the boy falls in love with her, to the disappointment of his influential father. The boy begs his father to ameliorate the lot of the downtrodden. The villainous father does the opposite and seeks help from the modern-day Merlin, the mad scientist Rotwang, who creates a robotic double of the girl, devoid of empathy, who incites the oppressed to rebel and decimate the city (ibid), thereby forcing a reconciliation of each individual’s true worth. The 1924 script was screened in 1927, as the most expensive film ever made then, even though it was a silent film (www.moria.co.nz). Blazena Urgosà ­kovà ¡, a well-known film critic of that era,

Exploring the perceptions and experiences of young people leaving in Essay

Exploring the perceptions and experiences of young people leaving in care in UK - Essay Example The demise of seven year old Maria Colwell in 1973 in 1973 prompted the establishment of the modern care system. In England and Wales, the care system is guided by the Children’s Act of 1989 while in Northern Ireland it is based on the Children order of 1995. In Scotland the guiding framework is the Children’s Act of 1995. The Children Act of 1989 has witnessed numerous amendments after the death of eight year old child in 2000. The legal framework of the child care system is the Children’s Act of 2004 which provides the expected outcomes of the care system like the need to stay safe, enjoy and achieve, stay healthy, positive economic well-being and the need of positive contribution to the society. The agencies which are involved in the care system have the duty and obligation of sharing information and processes to improve the safety and the well-being of the children under the child care system (Ward H, Holmes, and Soper 2008). The composition of the children n eeds and ages indicate the limitations inherent in the current care system. Child development researchers have pointed out that the psychological health of the child is influenced by the important character traits and skills which the children learn at their early age like empathy and self-regulation which the care system should strive to achieve. An efficient care system should provide stable psychological development and placement which results to good parenting and emphasis on the children needs. High ratios of staff turnover are counterproductive since they affect the stability of the relationships in the care system. The ability to stay in the same school without disruptions assists in academic attainments of the children under the care system. Certain emotional behaviors like confusion affect the ability of the children to cope with the challenging environment in the care system in the UK (Stillwell 2009). Literature Review Children in the UK enter the care system for numerous reasons and have different characteristics and needs. Over the last forty years, the number admitted in the care system has fallen significantly which has been attributed to few children joining the care system and the massive drop outs from the care centers (Corsaro 2006). Preliminary studies indicate a lot of disadvantages among the care population. The placement of children in the care system considers the age and the unique needs of the child with majority of the children joining the system being over the age of ten years (Stein 2006). Evidence suggests that many of these children already have physical health complications and high mental problems at the time of their admission to the care system (Corsaro 2006). The purpose of the child care system has attracted a heated debate with some policy makers citing the need to protect the children from undesirable influence while other pointing out the need of the need of the ideal family reunification (Chase, Simon and Jackson 2006). The use of the care system has been centered on the need to support families and allow children to return to their birth parents and also the need to safeguard the children beyond their birth parents (Woodhead and Montgomery 2003). The children’s Act 1989 lays down some principles, powers and duties which the agencies involved in child care system must follow like the duty to

Mayos Theory of Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Mayos Theory of Management - Coursework Example Mayo’s studies propose some specific views on employee-manager relations. He opined â€Å"a tension between workers’ ‘logic of sentiment’ and managers’ ‘logic of cost and efficiency’†, which have the potential to lead to organizational conflicts. Lussier argues that in an organizational setting, a manager is responsible for enlightening his workers about the planned organizational changes (41). Therefore, workers get a clear idea regarding their future assignments. When the managers do not pass relevant information to employees, they would be unaware of the implemented organizational changes. Under such situations, managers and other people at the helm of affairs may unethically manipulate the workers. In my opinion, a manager would be fully responsible for unethically manipulating the worker, if the worker is unaware of the change. According to Illouz, Mayo’s management theory reflects that the workers should be seen as me mbers of a group rather than isolated individuals (p.117). He continues that the demand to belong to a group is more important to an employee than acquiring monetary incentives or satisfactory working condition. These ‘social needs’ of the workers can be met only if the managers ensure that the workers are well informed of the changes. In total, in order to integrate the workforce with organizational interests, managers must consider the employee as an inevitable element of the organization.

Epidemiology eassy on Yellow Fever Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Epidemiology eassy on Yellow Fever - Essay Example The family Flaviviridae contains only one genus, Flavivirus. They are somewhat smaller than alphaviruses, being 40 nm in diameter. The name flavivirus refers to the type species, the yellow fever virus ( Flavus, L = Yellow). The yellow fever virus was first isolated in 1927 by inoculating rhesus monkeys with the blood of an African patient named Asibi. The virus was shown by Theiler (1930) to grow well following intracerebral innoculation in mice. The infected mouse brain was used as a vaccine in former French West Africa (Dakar vaccine) though this was encephalitogenic. It was later replaced by a non-neurotropic (17D) vaccine (Panicker 2007, p.527-30). Cases are classified as inapparent ( 1 week; the period of convalescence is usually short except in the more severe cases. There are no known sequele. (Beers 1999, p.1303-4). Statistics In a report by Weir and Shariqe (2004, 1909), each year about 2, 00,000 become ill with yellow fever around the world though the true incidence is likely to be much higher. This was according to estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998. About 90% of the cases occur in Africa and 10% in South America. Epidemiology of yellow fever Approximately 2, 00,000 cases of yellow fever occur annually; 90% of them occur in Africa. A dramatic resurgence of yellow fever has occurred since the 1980s in both sub-Saharan Africa and South America. A series of epidemics and smaller outbreaks of yellow fever that occurred in West African countries were primarily responsible for the increased incidence of yellow fever in Africa, but the first epidemic reported in Kenya in>2 decades signaled that a change in the distribution of the disease was also occurring. Transmission in Africa is maintained by a high density of vector mosquito population that is in close proximity to largely unvaccinated human populations. Although some countries have incorporated programs, vaccine coverage is not optimal. In South America, the rate of transmission of yellow fever is lower than in Africa, in part because high vaccine coverage occurs primarily as part of mass immunization campaign in response to outbreaks of the disease. The largest outbreak of yellow fever in South America since the 1950s occurred in Peru in 1995, and cases were reported in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia,

Respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Respond - Essay Example In her responses to the questions asked in the quiz, the writer makes it clear that those around her are very (if not the most) important people her line of work. In her previous experience she worked with someone whose communication skills were wanting and she doesn’t want a repeat of the same with both her superiors and colleagues at work. She is also honest with herself and admits that patience is a skill that she will need to develop farther as she seeks to improve herself and become a more effective communicator. She is proud of the communication skills she developed as a student in college and looks forward to using them in resolving conflicts at work. The writer is honest with herself and admits that she lacks the confidence to speak in front of people. This stems from her lack of confidence in her abilities and probably the fear of making mistakes. Not all is lost, however. Teaching has made her confidence grow day by day. Rightly so, she is optimistic that the progress will lead to better careers opportunities for her in future, as long as the progress and growth continues

Does globalization threaten cultural diversity Essay

Does globalization threaten cultural diversity - Essay Example By the help of all the advancement and progress in the technology now anyone can travel a thousand miles in matter of hours and days. However Globalization is a very controversial topic, many economist don’t support the idea of globalization as it has many diverse affects on the economy. As many economist believe that Advances in communication and transportation technology, combined with free-market ideology, have given goods, services, and capital unprecedented mobility. And this can affect the local market of the country. It is also argued that globalization threatens cultural diversity by its promotion of an internationalized or corporate culture. Many cultures seem to be overly influenced by the most dominant cultures like American and Britain. The loss of cultural identities leads to the diminishing of such concepts as cultural diversity and multicultural environment. ... diversity by diminishing distinct cultural identities American Cultural Imperialism is the concept that strongly goes against the promotion of cultural diversity through globalization. The dominance of America on world economy and business market leads them to a place where their power of negotiation and economic stability influences the people as well as their beliefs and cultural priorities. The diverse population living in America, for instance, is under the influence of American culture, the freedom it brings, the dresses it allows and the social status it offers. Hence, smaller or less famous cultures are slowly and steadily transforming into an Americanized culture and the concept of cultural diversity diminishes. The swiftly increasing development pace of the globalization concept leads to several uncontrollable outcomes for the diverse cultural identities (Puledda 2000). The technological advancements, mass media and easy transportation give rise to a world where distances ca nnot place a boundary for people from reaching the foreign cultures, business markets and traditions. The people working abroad are even given chances to learn the language that is native to the country they moved to. Although it is a good move, it rejects the cultural diversity concept and rather snatches and transforms the distinct cultural identities of people. Globalization is bringing people together but it is also responsible for diminishing the uniqueness of other cultures. The marketing campaigns and rules of the companies trading in more than one country may not fulfill the cultural rules effectively due to unawareness or difficulty in managing different policies for each country. The unitary code of conduct for employees working under the name of a single brand may not be

Korea and australia hofstede cultural differences Essay

Korea and australia hofstede cultural differences - Essay Example The Hofstede Report refers to the groundbreaking work of Geert Hofstede, whose studies into different nations has revealed a common consensus of five cultural dimensions according to which different countries can be compared. The truth is that over time, these dimensions have evolved according to the historical traditions, geographic boundaries, national perspectives and anything else that forms the cultural character of a people or country[1]. Differences in the Two Cultures, Recommendations and Analysis 1. Power Distance: Australians are used to a lower power distance between individuals than Koreans. Dassan Ltd. would therefore do well to cultivate an attitude of self respect and equality among people in its managers prior to sending them to Australia. This is a big mind shift from Korea, where the traditions demand respect from someone at a higher social or work position [2]. 2. Uncertainty Avoidance: Both Australians and South Koreans are used to a low level of uncertainty avoid ance. But whereas listening to a statement made by management would be enough for its validity among most Australians, the Koreans would prefer that this be committed to writing in the form of policy before it is accepted in their hearts and minds [3]. 3.

Chap 11 Video Harley Davidson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chap 11 Video Harley Davidson - Essay Example The internet is only enhancing the ability of customers of getting information to discuss with the sales agents. Vehicles sales are enhanced when shoppers have information available to them (Finlay, 2010). The use of integrated marketing communication can enhance the ability of a company to provide valuable information to its customers. Integrated marketing information ensures all forms of communication and messages are linked together (Multimediamarketing, 2009). Hal Harley could improve the relationship with its customers after the sale using a variety of different methods. â€Å"Customer service is one of the most important parts of your companys overall strategy to conducting business† (Haycox, 2011). The firm can offer its new customers that purchase a motorcycle a subscription to a bikers club. The subscription would enable the company the ability to perform primary research by offering questionnaires to the customers. The questionnaires would be included inside a free monthly magazine. The information retrieved from the questionnaires can be used to enhance the customer service function of the company. Finlay, S. (2010). Internet Shoppers Get Lots of Vehicle Info in Minutes from Responselogix. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from

Corruption and Integrity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corruption and Integrity - Research Paper Example Its major religion is Islam (Sunni) with an estimated literacy rate of 38% (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html). Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa lying along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. "It is bounded by Djibouti in the northwest, Ethiopia in the west, and Kenya in the southwest. In area it is slightly smaller than Texas. Generally arid and barren, Somalia has two chief rivers, the Shebelle and the Juba." According to records, in the years January 1991 until August 2000, it had no stable government. "A fragile parliamentary government was formed in 2000, but it expired in 2003 without establishing control of the country. In 2004, a new transitional parliament was instituted and elected a president" (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html). Somalia has a GDP/PPP approximately $5.575 billion with a per capita of $600. Its real growth rate is 2.6% and there is no inflation rate record because "businesses print their own money". Despite its vast land area, it has only an arable land of 2% that is produces bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; cattle, sheep, goats; and fish. Its labor force is 3.7 million with very few are skilled laborers (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html).. Sharing the rank of second most corrupt country with Myanmar is Iraq. ... Its major religion is Islam. Its major source of income is oil with very little agriculture due to its vast desert land (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/iraq.html). Iraq maintains a constitutional democracy with a federal system of government. "The executive branch is made up of the Presidency Council (one president, two deputy presidents) and a Council of Ministers (one prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, and 34 cabinet ministers)." Its legislative branch is made up of an elected Council of Representatives and a Federation Council. There are 275 members of the Council of Representatives. The judicial branch is independent (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/iraq.html). On the other hand, Denmark shares the least corrupt country with New Zealand and Sweden. Its government is parliamentary, headed by a Queen and a Prime Minister. Its industrialized market economy is based on materials imported through foreign trade maintaining a liberal trade policy within the European Union. About 1% of its gross national product (GNP) is given to foreign aid to less developed countries. This is only a manifestation that Danish economy is high and stable. In addition, all citizens of Denmark receive basic health care and real poverty is out of place in this country (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/denmark.html). Denmark is an active member of International Organizations such as the: United Nations; NATO; the EU; Nordic cooperation; the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; the World Trade Organization (WTO); the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE); the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); the Council of

Ethical dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Ethical dilemma - Essay Example The International labor Organization (ILO) 2007 statistics â€Å"there are about 218 million working children globally and accounting for about 20% of India’s GDP† (Gupta et.al 291). The annual cost of ending child labor includes the cost for providing income lost by the children and providing education. On the other hand, the benefit of eliminating child labor is more than seven times of that cost due to gains from increased human capital, fewer deaths from accidents and improved health (Gupta et.al 300). Therefore, child labor is a huge loss to the economy at large. The Kantianism principle would suggest all MNCs to apply strict child labor standards in all nations across the globe in order to eliminate overexploitation of children (Gupta et.al 301). The method used for acquiring the child labor such as kidnapping and buying children are harmful to the children. It results to health issues, compromising working and living conditions, underpayment, denies adults an opportunity for employment (Gupta et.al 291). The businesses with higher ethical standards have chance for long-term operations even though their income may not be very high. The consumers in host overseas countries expect MNCs to apply higher ethical standards than local companies (Gupta et.al 301) In conclusion, MNCs should set high child labor standards both in home country and overseas host countries to promote corporate social responsibility. The elimination of child labor will increase the productivity of the economy and eliminate exploitation of children. Gupta, Shruti; Pirsch, Julie & Girard, Tulay. An Empirical Examination of Multinational Ethical Dilemma: The Issue of Child Labor. â€Å"A Journal of Global Marketing, 23.† Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, (2010):

The hot zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The hot zone - Essay Example On New Year’s Eve, Mr. Monet suffers from the eyeball pain (Preston 9). The pain is one of the symptoms of the virus attack. Further, M. Preston interestingly emphasized Mother Nature’s outpouring of ailments unfavorably affects humans (Preston 3). The real life story focuses on some of society’s unsuccessful attempts to stop or cure certain ailments. The book shows the unstoppable Mother Nature’s Ebola virus, HIV (AIDS) as well as the marburgvirus virus types can avoidably kill many people (Preston 23). Finally, the book exposes to the world the dangers of incurable animal viruses. Further, the book interestingly shows the governments’ efforts to control Mother Nature’s virus attacks. The book discusses the government established the Reston Virginia to control the deadly viruses (Preston 94). The Virginia research included the coining of the deadly Reston virus. Specifically, Mr. R. Preston states U.S. funded Reston, Virginia research focused on the incurable viruses that transfer from animals to humans (Preston 105). Furthermore, the Preston story interestingly emphasized the discovery of the Ebola virus strain in the Reston Virginia medical research facility (Preston 94). The virus was called by another mutation name. Monet mentioned the MARV virus came from the Cave of Kitum (Preston 119). Kitum is strategically located in the remote outskirts of Kenya’s Mount Elgon. Moreover, another interesting topic of the book is hope. The author’s story plots indicate people can hope they can win over the incurable virus attacks. The book shows the nation’s allocating funds to find the virus cure or alleviate the symptoms for the currently incurable viruses. The U.S. government allocates funds for anti-virus researches. The government’s Center for Disease Control agency helps with the fight (Preston 20). The agency exerts extra efforts to research, control, and eradicate the increasing number of

Drama Essay, Riders to the Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drama , Riders to the Sea - Essay Example In the end, she is left with only enough strength to stumble into her grave. Though painful and lacerating, Maurya’s suffering has been worthwhile. Her ultimate recognition of pain, and her acceptance of death as the irrevocable end of human existence does not compensate for her losses; but certainly, it  makes the losses appear meaningless in a broad human context: the  knowledge of life is available only to those  who have been chastened and purified by suffering. Maurya in the end negates life and accepts the ravages of the death. She becomes a stoic. She becomes a universal figure who can induce others to acquire â€Å"calm of mind, all passion spent†. This purgation of emotion comes after experience (Milton, 87). Death is undoubtedly a universal phenomenon but that should not mean one should be pessimistic about life. She is merely an old woman in a family of fishers on the barren and windswept Aran Island. The poor and illiterate Maurya is taught and enriched only by her experience. Her life has been marked by a series of bereavements. Her husband, father-in-law and all her six sons perish in the sea. When the play opens, we find her almost at the nadir of psychological setback. Michael has been missing for nine days and is possibly dead. Maurya is restless and laments continually. The readers find her confronting the mysteries of the unknown from whose bounds no traveler returns. Her sorrows and lamentations over Michael’s death is a poignant picture of loss and misery. She has acquired a strange, almost uncanny knowledge of premonitions. For years, she has looked at the sea and the sky, trying to figure out the set of the wind and the timings of the tide. For years, she has knocked at the doors of the impenetrable mystery of death, weeping and praying, This continuous mourning has taugh t her a few secrets to bear the misery of suffering and death if not champion them. Therefore, when Nora reports that the young priest has told her that

Report on the Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay - 2

Report on the Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example These include the religion of Islam which was revealed by the prophet Muhammad and its adherents are spread all over the world such as in the Middle Eastern countries (Swatos & Kivisto, 998). Second, the religion of Christianity is notably the largest faith and has its teachings firmly grounded in the Bible. Evidently, it has approximately over 2 billion followers in the entire. Buddhism is equally another famous religion which teaches the adherents on the best way of living in accordance to Siddharta Gautama (Swatos & Kivisto, 998). Hinduism is a religion in which the faithful have their ideas firmly founded on Indian religious beliefs. The Candomble religion represents an African driven belief system of religion that traces its origins and followers in Brazil. On the other hand, Taoism connotes ancient religious, philosophical tradition that has its belief founded in Chinese worldview. There are equally contemporary and growing religions such as the Bahai religion. The aforemention ed religions are just but a sample of the many religions in the Earth. Their existence and adherents that subscribe to the religions offer part of the proof of the religious nature of man on Earth. The belief in the existence of supernatural beings is a foundational precinct in the belief system of religious people. To this end, they acknowledge the existence of supernatural beings such as gods, spirits or a supreme God. Evidently, the belief in supernatural beings offers a connection to the existence and experiences of humans. For example, among Christians they believe in a supernatural being of God who is composed of three elements. That is, The Holy Spirit, God the Father and God the Son. In addition, they believe in Jesus Christ as the Son of God. On the other hand, the Islamic adherents believe in Allah as a supernatural being and in Muhammad as his prophet. The Hindus on their part believe in the existence of 330 million gods but in one supreme ultimate god known as the Brahman. Contemporary religions such as Bahai express their faith in Bahaullah as the reincarnation or

The environmental impacts of the cruise industry on Caribbean island Research Paper

The environmental impacts of the cruise industry on Caribbean island nations - Research Paper Example In the Caribbean region tourism has contributed to the growth of the overall economy which had been suffering due to stagnation in tradition economic sectors. Moreover, the Caribbean island nations have been bestowed with natural beauty, decorated with exotic flora and fauna, surrounded by blue seawater and natural breezes. However, the environmental degradation caused by the cruise industry in the Caribbean region far outweighs the economic benefits. Cruising started as preferred mode of travel by the social elite in the 1920s and the latter part of the 20th century has seen tremendous growth in the industry following a decline post World War II (Johnson 2002). Worldwide cruise tourism has catered to 8.5 million customers between 1980 and 1997. The passenger figures are expected to reach 14.2 million by 2010 (Butt 2007). Today the super-mega cruise ships use cutting edge of design and technical innovation, and they offer multifaceted recreational experience on board. In 1998, the Caribbean received 50% of the world’s cruise tourism customers (Johnson 2002). In fact, the Caribbean destinations receive more cruises than stopover tourists. However, while the economy of the island nations has grown, the cruise tourism sector has expanded with sophisticated liners and offering on-board recreation, cruise tourism in the Caribbean has been exerting pressures on the fragile environments and the host communities. This is because t he cruise ships consume significant amount of resources as a result of which great pressure is exerted on the places they visit (Butt 2007). The Caribbean islands have 44% share of the world cruise market. The environmental impact has exerted pressure on the small towns, islands and island groups in the Caribbean. However, the environmental impacts also depend upon the facilities available at the destinations to manage the degradation. Tourism is the major economic activity in the Caribbean

Free writing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Free writing journal - Essay Example It made her strong enough to care for herself and her children through the years. But it also made her weak since it blinded her from the way she treated her children. She never got past her heartbreak and she was stuck in the denial stage. Until the end, her very death, she was still in denial of her past and her present state. Porter’s wrote The Jilting of Granny Weatherall the same way as a degenerating mind of an old woman. At first, everything was coherent enough that you can tell who was speaking and what the characters were doing. As the story nears its end, same as how Granny neared her end, the narration became a jumble. It was like a mess. You cannot easily distinguish who was saying what. This was the same as Granny’s mind. It was like a clutter of thoughts. She was thinking about something but she cannot say it any longer. Her children were hearing mumbles but she was hearing herself clearly. It was effective in a way that Porter emphasized how the thoughts of a dying person can be multi-linear. It has many lines crisscrossing together. It was actually a sad story. It made me think of how my death would be. It seems heartbreaking that death is that lonely. That in death there is isolation. The story was an eye-opener. If we live our lives in denial, there is a possibility that we may die in denial of our own death. This would make the dying person and the people around her hold on to her, as the denial is strong to even accept the death that is happening with their own

The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Essay Example for Free

The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Essay After reading the book The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, I got a much better understanding of what that title means. When you think of part-time you normally think of having a part-time job when you only work some days but not all the time. Well that is a lot like the life of the main character in this story. Throughout the book, Junior manages to be â€Å"half Indian† and â€Å"half white. † He says â€Å" It was like being Indian was my job. How could someone be â€Å"half Indian† and â€Å"half white? † If you have ever moved to new town, or changed schools, then you probably have a pretty good idea how Junior felt throughout the book. After Mr. P talks Junior into getting out of the REZ the only option Junior has, is to travel twenty three miles to Reardan and attend school with the white kids. Being the weirdest and least popular kid, life on the REZ must have been tough. Having parents that drank all the time, and spent money that Juniors family did not have on Alcohol made it hard for him to have clean clothes, and a new outfit to wear now and then. But having a best friend like Rowdy made things a little bit easier. Rowdy was Juniors secret keeper, he also beat anyone up that tried to hurt Junior and was all ways there for him. Well up in till the day Junior changed schools, everyone on the REZ hated Junior they looked at him like he was some sort of trader or bad person. His first day at Reardan was tough, Reardan was the complete opposite of school back on the REZ. It was opposite of his family, and it was opposite of him. The only good part of the day was meeting Penelope. Junior gassed in wonder at her beauty, blond hair and blue eyes he had never seen anything so beautiful. Things were a lot different at Reardan, on Halloween Junior dressed like a homeless man, which was pretty easy for him since there was not much difference between his good clothes and his bad clothes.

Presidential Candidate Essay Example for Free

Presidential Candidate Essay Given the challenges of American society today, citizens shall now have the opportunity to showcase the facets of democracy and vote for the candidate that can help and create a better future for the country. With various differences and stand in one particular issue, it can be ascertained that the decisions of each person must come from the roots of each concern as it balances out the possibilities of improving their lives. In the end, it is still up to the public to decide which contender shall be appropriate and fit to rule the United States of America. The Choice  In choosing between the mainstream nominees John McCain and Barack Obama, one must look at their relative platforms and how they plan to achieve it. Addressing the important issues surrounding society today remains to be my main interest as I go out and practice my right. In my own personal opinion and after reading their respective programs, I feel that I will choose Mr. Barack Obama to be the next president of the United States. This primarily is due to his efforts to guide our country into a new direction facing the 21st century challenges with a raised head and determination to succeed. Why Obama? Similarly, I feel that his policies are redirected towards the pursuit of equalizing and redistribution. Obama seeks to harmonize the relationship between the American classes by proposing initiatives that is deemed to be more fair and transparent in nature. Likewise, he proposes that the government shall accommodate the needs of every Americans ranging from education, healthcare, economy, jobs, etc. Amidst the daunting challenges in today’s economy and way of life, Obama showcases an aura that hope and transformation is still possible. Impeding Issues With his election into office, there are numerous initiatives that Barack Obama shall address. First, he must cater to the current economic recession happening in the country. He must make proposals that will help boos the market and recuperate from this setback. Second, he also should focus on helping many jobless Americans get employment. Due to the rising cost of living, there must be action plans that will aide these individuals. Lastly, another important issue that must be tackled involves the issue of healthcare. Since the end of the 20th century, there has been a constant decline in the facilitation of related care. This has been caused by the rising cost of expenses incurred by the increasing number of retirees in the country. Models of Change Obama, if elected, shall cater to jumpstart the economy by providing several proposals he sees fit to cater the needs of Americans today. The first process involves lessening the tax given for working families. In here, â€Å"they will create a new Making Work Pay tax credit of up to $500 per person, or $1,000 per working family† (BarackObama. com, 2008, p. 1). This tax relief seeks to shoulder the increasing expenses and help alleviate these people’s lives. The next process involves providing tax incentives. This particularly shall be applied to small and startup businesses by the elimination of taxes associated with new businesses to help encourage and revitalize job creation and innovation (BarackObama. com, 2008). Lastly, he seeks to promote and enhance trading practices among Americans. By adhering ethical standards within the market and companies, American can exhaust good labor opportunities and the promotion of a cleaner working environment (BarackObama. com, 2008). Another important process that Obama seeks to look into is the American tax system. He sees the need to make the processes fair and equal among citizens. He focuses on the important factors associated with the practice such as responsibility and accountability. By ensuring that these things are applied, policy differences can be seen. With this, â€Å"his tax plan will help restore bottom-up economic growth that helps create good jobs in America and empowers all families achieve the American dream† (BarackObama. com, 2008, p. 1). At the same time, the issue of healthcare shall be refocused and revitalize to suit the current needs of the American population. He plans to provide affordable, accessible health care for all Americans, builds on the existing healthcare system, and uses existing providers† (BarackObama. com, 2008, p. 1). Moreover, there is the strategy to lower the costs associated with healthcare. Obama seeks to use these payments to invest in greater opportunities wherein the services shall be enhanced and developed (BarackObama. com, 2008). Also, his desire to instill the notion that ‘prevention is better than cure’ is done by encouraging American awareness towards public health. Conclusion: What is it for workers? To conclude the election of Barack Obama shall be beneficial for workers in the United States. With his election into the White House, there can be changes in the way the government is facilitating care and protection among these group. Likewise, it shall seek to eradicate the inequalities happening within American society. His programs; aimed at redistribution and fairness, shall be a catalyst for the improvements in life by the working class. With all of these, Barack Obama shall transcend and lead the country to the New Hope he promises.

Environmental Sustainability In The City Of Dubai Tourism Essay

Environmental Sustainability In The City Of Dubai Tourism Essay Over the recent years, has Dubai evolved to a more sustainable and eco-friendly city? This paper explains the current sustainability of Dubais construction and other means. It shows that the city has a certain lack of awareness toward the more eco-friendly living and society. Evaluating the lack of the residents initiations toward a more eco-friendly city shows that the Dubai has no requirement to be sustainable. However, the current sustainability is being improved. Many people, such as Pradeep Parmar, founder and owner of Enthusiasm Star Ltd. has tried to introduce a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to plastic bags in supermarkets around the city and the country. Jute bags are more sustainable towards the environment and he is trying to implement that into the society of Dubai. Shirish Patel, an architect who has been living in the UAE for more than fifteen years, has also tried to give more sustainable options to the projects that he has worked. In an inte rview with him, he had outlined the current pros and cons of Dubais sustainability and eco-friendliness. He also suggested that some ideas for a more sustainable and eco-friendly city. In conclusion, although many sections of Dubai are not the most eco-friendly out of all, the city is trying its best to be as sustainable as possible and they can improve on these if they try to implement some of the concepts and ideas that were introduced and outlined by Shirish Patel and Pradeep Parmar. If Dubai tries a bit harder and aims to complete their goal of total sustainability, they may just be able to reach another milestone once again. Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Table of Contents2 Introduction..3 Current Positive Effects of Sustainability..4 Current Negative Effects of Construction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Possible Improvements on Dubais Sustainability8 Conclusion11 Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Introduction: In 2005, Dubai was rated as the highest carbon footprint city in the world, as conducted with a research by the WWF Living Planet 2008 report. The UAE has been found to have the carbon footprint of about 9.5 global hectares. As a result, the UAE was ranked as the 45th highest carbon footprint country. The United States is the second largest carbon footprint country while Kuwait ranks in at third. There are quite a number of factors that outline Dubais current sustainability. The are the positives factors, such as the implementation of economically friendly public transport systems such as buses which can decrease the amount toxic pollution that is given off by heavy duty cars. In an interview with Shirish Patel, this method is discussed and analyzed more thoroughly. There are also negative factors of sustainability in Dubai such as the emission cuts and the costs of doing so. Being a new technology, sustainability is not very well known among architects who have been constructing maj or buildings such as the Burj Al Arab and the Burj Khalifa. In addition to the negative factors of sustainability, improvements of how to implement sustainability with low costs are discussed in detail with Shirish Patel in his interview. All of these factors affect the sustainability of Dubai but the true question is that over the recent years, has Dubai evolved to a more sustainable and eco-friendly city? 1st Paragraph In todays time, Dubai is most known for its luxurious lifestyle, the massive boom in construction and its ability to reach milestones in this field with the Burj Khalifa. Also it is known to be the most attractive city in the whole of the Middle East. Soon, Dubai could become the next New York City. But with so many buildings and structures that have been erected, sustainability to the environment is also a major cause for the depletion of the ozone layer in certain parts of the world. Dubai has many building with eco friendly leads such as the newly constructed Burj Khalifa and the Emirates Towers on the Sheikh Zayed Road. In an interview with Shirish Patel, an architect from the UK and has been living in the UAE for more than 15 years of his life. His input on this idea and current situation is merely based on his personal experience of living and working in this country. He believes that Dubai is trying to create a more environmentally friendly city by implementing such positive f actors such as the eco-friendly public transport systems such as buses. Also, to make life easier for many travelers in the country where heat is the main climate for around eight months, creating stations where people can sit indoors and wait for the buses to arrive. This is positive as people need not to wait in the heat but can relax in the cools of the Air conditioning system while they wait for their transport to arrive. Dubai also tries to save energy and recycle as much as possible by constructing the buses from used metals and other wastage that may be of use. He also believes that Dubai is able to improve their current sustainability on buildings by implementing new methods of construction and living. For example, many buildings could implement the new technology of solar paneling and the ability to use fiber optic wires to channel the energy collected from the solar panels and convert them to energy to give electricity to certain areas of the building. Other implementation s could be the reduction of the A/C system in certain areas of the building and the usage of natural air usage to cool the office during the times when heat is most unbearable. For example, the if a company was working in a building during the summer months, then the natural air that was stored during the winter months could be slowly used in the office. Also, the use of lights during the daytime in schools or public places should be eliminated as enough light is emitted from the Sun and the implementation of more windows could aid this situation. Many other methods of energy saving and ethical energy storage could be implemented in this situation. Aside from these implementations, the Green Building Council of UAE has tried to help with this current situation. The Green Building council is the group that was formed in the US to help sustain the over usage of energy and other methods of sustainability. Over the years, the Green Building Council has expanded to many countries and in 2009, they moved to the UAE after looking at the amount of carbon footprint that the country was making. Along with the government of Dubai, the Green Building Council has been a major part of the implementation of sustainability in the UAE for all of the major buildings and monumental sections of the city. Currently, Dubai remains at the top of the carbon footprint list, although currently actions are being taken to change the ways and methods of their expansion. 2nd Paragraph Although Dubai has taken the precautionary methods to sustainability within the city, many inhabitants are not satisfied with the methods of sustainability. For example, people are not willing to turn off the lights during the daytime as they complain that they are unable to see what they are doing. By doing this, residents are wasting unnecessary amounts of electricity during the times when it is not needed. For example, schools in Dubai use a significant amount of electricity during the day. This example is completely based on personal experience. Instead of using so much electricity during the day, they should possibly consider saving that electricity since schools run during the daytime and there is enough sunlight during the entire day. A possible extension of windows in the classrooms could aid the problem of students being unable to see in class. The schools should only be using the lights when natural sunlight is not available, such as during the winter months. Even then, the bulbs in for the lighting should be refitted with fluorescent lights, as they are much more efficient in energy conservation. Another method of conservation is possibly the implementation of intelligent building to new structures that are arising and to accumulate this method into current buildings around the city of Dubai. Intelligent Building is a concept that has been developed recently. Starting out in the US, this concept has established itself in many major countries such as the US, UK and many more. Basically, the concept behind this method was to create a system that will allow humans to remain in their comfort zones, along with controllability of the state-of-the-art technology. For example, a person would go into their room in a hotel and the computer would recognize the occupant. Then according to the calculations of the occupants current body heat, the air conditioner level is adjusted. There are many other advanced features like those and it is also manually adjustable by the occupant. Unfortunately, the costs of these projects and initiations are too overpriced since there is a certain lack of architects and engineers that are experienced in this field of work. Since there is a lack of resources, the cost of bringing these people to the city and paying them to implement their concepts of sustainability can be difficult. Also, in the current market conditions, many people will seek the opposite of this idea of involving these people since not only will it be expensive to bring them to the city and to supply them with the necessary materials, but it mean that construction and labor costs will be increased since it requires more depth. In an interview with Shirish Patel, he speaks about the unaccounted usage of water bottles and plastic bags in the country. He says that they should eliminate the amount of water bottles around the city and/or keep them exclusive to hotels and restaurants. These water bottles are unnecessarily being filled up in land fills around the city. One of the main reasons that people do not recycle is because there is no external power that requires them to do it. For example, although it is not a national law, states such as New York and Seattle enforce fines on citizens who throw away certain recyclable items. If Dubai implements such laws towards the residents of the city, Emiratis and Foreigners, then the amount of wasted recyclable items would drastically reduce. Also, the usage of plastic bags should drastically be reduced. Implementation of paper bags or the new concept of jute bags should be added in the supermarkets and other bazaars. Enthusiasm Star, a company that has specialized with jute bags in Dubai has introduced these concepts to big supermarkets such as Carrefour, Hyperpanda and other major supermarkets in the city. There are many other ways to conserve energy in Dubai but I do believe that the city is making some form of an effort to make itself a more environmentally friendly location . 3rd Paragraph In 2007, Enthusiasm Star Ltd. began an initiation to bring a product that was interesting and reusable at the same time. Jute bags were, and in some areas, is a popular trend of the Indian community. Pradeep Parmar, the Managing Director of Enthusiasm Star Ltd., says he had seen this trend for many years of his life in India. When he realized what waste plastic bags can do to environment, he decided to implement these bags to the market in Dubai. He had penetrated the strongest market available, the supermarkets. Instead of supplying the bags himself, he had pitched the idea to major supermarket brands such as Carrefour and has had many successful deals with this new concept. Today, many people use these bags as they completely reusable and quite efficient. Viewing this trend emerge in the market, many other brands, such as Gulf News, the leading newspaper company in the UAE, began giving free jute bags with a subscription of their magazine to promote the idea of conservation. If the UAE does continue to move forward in this fashion, they could be well off as a more conservative country. Although, Dubai could do much more to bring their city and the name of the country to a more sustainable and conservative location. Numerous opportunities have arisen to create a more eco-friendly society. Hotels in the UAE are quite sustainable in the current times but there could be more to help that. For example, when a new occupant checks into their room, the in-room refrigerator should be kept off unless the occupant should choose so. By doing this, the hotel will eliminate the usage of valuable electricity. Also, the bulbs in the room should be replaced with fluorescent lights to help conserve the energy. Another idea could be to refurbish the entire hotel with the Intelligent Building concept. If current and upcoming hotels would install this concept, then they would see a dramatic increase of media attention, which could boost up their sales. Since this concept is fairl y new and has been tested in the US, the hotels would be likely to assess the pros and cons of installing this new technology. It would save a lot of energy which could then be implemented in other areas of the city. Besides hotels, Dubai could also conserve energy by reduction of cars in the city. Currently, Dubai has installed eleven Metro stations around the city while thirty-six are still under construction. Once all of these stations open up, then the need of cars would be unnecessary. This would reduce the amount of petrol that is being used and the pollution that the cars are causing toward the city. Along with transportation, many people would like to ride bicycles in and around the city but there is not proper walkway or lanes around the city to implement this. If there are lanes for cyclers around Dubai, then the amount of people driving would also drastically reduce. More than the transportation that should be changed, it should be the infrastructure. Buildings around Dub ai are one of the most un-efficient and pro-wastage and they should be changed. For example, buildings should be refitted with the Intelligent Building concept and/or they should be able to conserve energy with other methods. Some other methods could be to implement recycling stations in each building. Also it should be made that the inhabitants and/or workers should be fined if they do not comply with the recycling law. Some other methods could be to conserve power in the buildings at all costs. For example, buildings such as office buildings use lights during the daytime, which uses quite a bit of energy. Many offices have windows all around the floor, so natural light is able to provide enough for the inhabitants to work during the daytime. For offices with deeper spaces, the new technology of fiber optics can help pipe in natural light to those certain office spaces. Along with the improvements of lighting in buildings, the air conditioning could be another factor. Since the air conditioning is another factor in energy conserving, the option of natural wind should be an alternative. During the winter months, the cool air should be collected and stored to be kept for the months when the heat is most unbearable. Unfortunately, since the winter months are too less in this region of the world, this option could be unsuccessful. If this option is unavailable, then energy conserving air conditioners should be implemented. By this, it means that the A/C would run for some time until the room is cool, and then switches off. All of these ideas have been outlined by Shirish Patel during the interview that was conducted. If Dubai is able to continue to sustain itself in the energy conserving world, and try to implement some of the ideas that are mentioned above, then the city is sure to be recognized not only for the amazing architecture and tourist locations, but also for the environmentally sustainability that they have been trying to accomplish. Dubai could soon b e well off known as one of the most sustainable cities of our time. Conclusion Dubai has been known as one of most carbon footprint cities in the world in 2005 and since then the city has been trying to do everything it can to eliminate that title. Dubai, also known as the concrete jungle of the Desert, has been on its way to create and break milestones and records. But with all this construction and developed going along in progress, the downturn is that they have not been paying attention at the sustainability of the buildings and other major factors in the city. Some examples are the unaccredited buildings in the city, the current Metro transportation system, the inefficiency of the cars in the city and the lack of residential facilities such as lanes for bicycling and walking. These only some of the problems around Dubai. However, Dubai has been doing its part toward the community by implementing some of the major sustainability concepts into the most known buildings in the city, such as the Burj Khalifa and the Emirates Towers. Shirish Patel, an architect who has been living in the UAE for more than fifteen years, has experienced the positives and negatives of living and working in the country and watching this expansion grow over time. In an interview conducted with him, he had outlined the necessary measures for Dubais sustainability towards their expansions overall. He suggested that Dubai introduce improvements to buildings and landmarks all over the city, and the efficiency of the citys transportation systems. For example, he suggested that people should reduce the amount spent in cars and the government should request the residents to use other transportation means such as the newly developed Metro system and other basic transportation systems such as the bicycles and walking. He also suggested that the government create lanes for cyclists in the Dubai to roam around more freely than they actually do. Other basic improvements were that supermarkets should change their methods of using plastic bags to simple paper bags and/or ju te bags. Pradeep Parmar, founder and owner of Enthusiasm Star Ltd., has helped introduce the jute bag system in the UAE in an effort to reduce the amount of plastic bags that are being used in and around Dubai. Many of these ideas for sustainability are able to be enforced by the general public in the UAE and if they could help initiate a more green and sustainable lifestyle in the UAE, specifically in Dubai, then the city is bound to receive more and more support from countries which have already implemented many of these ideas into their own cities. So, the question remains: Over the recent years, has Dubai evolved to a more sustainable and eco-friendly city? I believe that the city has not become fully sustainable and eco-friendly but they have been implementing an effort to do so.

Psychology Essays Psychiatric Diagnosis

Psychology Essays Psychiatric Diagnosis To what extent do the negative implications of a psychiatric diagnosis outweigh the benefits? The idea that a diagnosis of mental illness can be more harmful than beneficial is a concept which many might find surprising. However if we examine the emergence of sociological theories originating from the symbolic interactionist movement of the 1960s we can construct an argument based on these theoretical insights as to how a diagnosis of being mentally ill might be harmful outside of the implications for possible treatment with which such a diagnosis would bring. In this manner we consider what the most effective strategy of treatment should be. Emerging from dissatisfaction with the structural functionalists theories drawing on symbolic interactionists are interested in analysing how the various interactions between people within social situations are played out (Rogers and Pilgrim, 2001). In the works of Goffman this is portrayed as a drama with actors of sorts and his work on stigma for example showed how the rules of the game varied for people perceived as being different in some way (Goffman, 1968a, 1968b). Thus in relation to mental health it is the possible societal reactions arising out of a diagnosis of mental illness which is the vital element. The theory which developed out of these ideas hence became known as labelling theory and it became strongly associated with the anti-psychiatry movement of the late 1960s and 1970s (Cockerham, 1992). At the heart of this theory are two concepts related to deviance or mental disorder these being called primary deviance and secondary deviance. Primary deviance refers to those symptoms which do indeed have a basis and grounding in clinical symptoms. These are the actual incidences of disease. Labelling theorists have some interesting things to say about this, in that namely much of primary deviance goes undiagnosed (Pilgrim and Rogers, 1999). The reasons for this is the reaction of those around the sufferer attempting to make sense of the individuals behaviour, rationalising it until a certain point is reached when it is impossible to dismiss the behaviour as aberrant anymore. Indeed labelling theorists argued that it was not just family members or other people close to suffers who displayed this sort of behaviour but also medical practitioners demonstrating a wide range and extensive set of either mis-diagnosis or non-diagnosis of mental illness (Yarrow et al, 1955). However it is the realm of secondary deviance in which labelling theory has the most interesting things to say and it is here this essay argues that the most harmful aspects of a diagnosis of mental illness can be found. For labelling theorists secondary deviance refers to ways in which other members of society, the psychiatric and medical profession and eventually the person who has been diagnosed act as a result of the category of mentally ill being applied to them (Pilgrim and Rogers, 2001). Working from this supposition then a number of factors are critical for labelling theorists and one of the most important is how conformist a particular society is. The reason for this is that the higher a level of conformity is found in a society the greater the chance that a particular behaviour which breaks the rules of that society will be labelled as deviant. A particularly interesting feature of this idea built upon subsequently by social constructivist theories is that concepts of deviancy also change as the conformity levels of a society alter, thus while homosexuality was a deviant behaviour for western societies in the 19th century and psychiatric treatment was recommended for those who were afflicted with the disorder the changing prevalent views on homosexuality have lessened its perception as a deviant behaviour, though not completely dispelled it (Cockerham, 1992). In a series of studies it was demonstrated that otherwise sane people who mentioned specific circumstances of strange behaviour were labelled as insane and where those people did normal behaviours these other behaviours in turn then became labelled as insane and became seen as part of the behavioural pattern of the insane person. Thus in Rosenhams (1973) study his fake patients who gained admission into institutions and who were taking notes of their own observation and treatment by doctors had in the observations kept on them notes on how they displayed incessant note taking behaviour. Thus patients who are labelled as mentally ill face difficulties when they try to escape the label and the behaviours which are the objects of labelling. Even where for example patients have been cured they will carry the stigma of such a label and the consequent reactions of people who learn of the past status of the individual will labelling theory argues lead to a vicious cycle of reinforcement of both label and behaviour. However while labelling theory was a powerful critique of psychiatric practice which was popular also it has since fallen out of favour and its concepts can be critiqued on a number of grounds. In Yarrows study case it was found that subsequent to the experiment that his patients in fact did not continue to display aberrant behaviours for long after the study. Thus we can argue that there is a weakness in the idea of a secondary deviance, that for those who are not mentally ill the labelling of being mentally ill which while it might have an effect may not be as strong as the theory suggests (Rogers and Pilgrim, 1999). But it remains to be said that the practice of diagnosis and cure of the mentally ill must be aware of the broader social environments in which those who are mentally ill will operate in, thus a primarily bio-medical model of mental health, i.e. in that there is a specific cause which when cured will make the patient better, is inadequate and as labelling theory and more recently the field of health psychology suggests we must consider a holistic type therapy which factors in the effects of wider social phenomenon such as the reactions of people and clinicians to the patient in order that effective strategies of cure can be developed which benefit the person involved (Heller, 1996). As such while moves away from institutional care can be commended as ceasing to separate the mentally ill from society and thus stigmatising them in a highly visible manner the effectiveness of community care must be judged against both successful curative techniques and levels of effective integration wi th the community setting in which the care is provided.