Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Japense Government Essays - Government Of Japan, Politics Of Japan

Japense Government Japanese Government Vs American Government In this report I will compare and contrast Japans Executive Branch to the American Executive Branch, such as the Japanese Prime Minister to the American President, and also some of the other offices of the Cabinet. The Japanese government isnt all that much different than that of which we Americans have. Both countries have an executive leader, which is the Japanese Prime Minister, and of course the American President. Both countries also have a constitution, the Japanese was not written by choice though, but written under General MacArthurs supervision in 1946 following their surrender in World War II, when an Occupation Government was also set up for them, most likely not by choice. Their constitution is almost identical to ours because it states that political power rests with the people, and also starts out the same as ours by saying; We, the Japanese People. Both countries have a legislature, which theirs is called the National Diet. The two countries have a whole different stru cture of government. In America we directly elect our president by a vote through the whole country, which isnt what it is like in Japan. In Japan it goes through this system; 1st the voters of Japan elect the Diet, or what we would call the legislature, which consists of the house of representatives, and the house of counselors. The diet then chooses a Prime Minister, or president, which the House of Representatives can dismiss him, within a certain reason. After these processes, the Prime Minister then appoints the Cabinet, which exercises the executive power in the Central Government. In the diet, there are 512 members of the House of Representatives, chosen from 130 election districts, with one exception elects from 3 to 5 representatives. Each voter has one vote, but 3 to 5 candidates who receive the largest amount of votes are elected, and serve for 4 years unless the parliament is dissolved before the term expires. The house of Counselors consists of 252 members who are chose n for 6-year terms, where they most likely will serve their full term. Twelve members of the cabinet preside over departments or ministries of the government, which include the ministries of justice, foreign affairs, finance, education, health and welfare, agriculture and forestry, and labor. The remaining cabinet members are the so-called ministers of the state, which include the deputy prime minister and heads of various agencies such as the economic planning agency and the science and technology agency. Most of the time a minister will only remain in office for only one year, because of the high turnover in the cabinet. Bureaucrats provide the diet with the expert knowledge required for long term planning, which is commonly emphasized in Japan. Japan has a multiparty system in which one party, the Liberal Democratic Party, has been dominant since it was founded in 1955. They also have left opposition parties. The leading opposition party is the Japanese Socialist party that has c onstantly held more than 100 seats in the Diet. The second opposition group on the left is the Japanese communist party, a legal party that has held less than 10 percent of the seats in the diet. The third and last opposition party is the Komei, or clean government party. Its objective is to purify Japanese politics and improve the quality of life in Japan. Government Essays

Hamada Essays - British Brands, Virgin Trains, Virgin Group, Train

Virgin Train Marketing Management Contents 1. Executive summary....3 2. virgin train introduction..3 3. The importance of marketing.3 4. Market research plan...4 5. Macro environment.5 5.1 The impact of politics in virgin railways.5 5.2 Envelopments of Economic.?.5 5.3 Social interaction with virgin trains.....5 5.4 The technological issue...6 5.5 The legal impact.6 5.6 Ecological..7 6. SWOT Analysis .7 7. Porters Competitive forces and generic strategies..9 8. Marketing mix11 8.1 Product. ..?.11 8.2 Price.?.12 8.3 places...?.12 8.4 Promotion....?.13. 8.5 People...14 8.6 Process.....14 8.7 Physical evidence .....15 9. Conclusion...15 10. Bibliography...16 1. Executive summary This assignment is written for subject of Managing Market, and the company chosen is virgin train. In this assignment I tried to show what are the company market strategic are, what are the current market planning and what is influence of decision making on companies macro environment recent year. In this assignment I will be discussing how virgin trains is use-marketing mix to get competitive advantage. How virgin train is reacting with other competitive aliens on there resent change on British railway. In this assignment, i will be doing SWOT analysis about virgin train. I will use Porters competitive forces and generic strategies, to analysis the market planning, how macro environment has influenced its decision-making, and what are the changes have come recently. 2. Virgin trains introduction Virgin train is United Kingdom?s one of main railways company. The company is franchise from March 1997till march 2012. Two-share holder owns the company; virgin management owned by Sir Richard Branson who owns majority of share 51% and another 49% by Stagecoach plc. They have their group of board of directors from both the side. The virgin train operates all major cities of the United Kingdom. The main services are London to West midlands, which mainly cover London to north of country such as Scotland, covered by all main cites in England to North Wales. Another major service is cross-country service, which operated longest distance in country, from the south and south west of England via midlands to north of England and Scotland. 3. Importance of marketing Marketing is THE KEY business function. Marketing is so basic it cannot ne considered a separate function it?s a key of any business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, and that main point view from any customer to any business. Many associations describe marketing on different way with same meaning such as, ?British Chartered Institute of marketing? defines it ?Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably.? This is key factor where importance of marketing envelopment is really needed. In the business like Railway, marketing involvement is very important such as diverting the commuter from any other travel services to train travel. Where company has to compete with same capable railway company to stay on business with more profit margin and shares. As a group virgin train has very good market image to attract the people. Every product and the service of the company can be libelled as value for money, quality, innovation and a sense of competitive challenge. The company deliver a quality service by empowering their employees. 4. Market research plan For market planning virgin train has developed a research plan or information system, to what company need to do. 4.1 Marketing intelligence system This system will show all the external factor may or will be effect to run virgin train company business. This will also involve the though of external service users of company. 4.2 Market research system This involves all internal factor of the virgin train, and place them against the external from the marketing intelligence like SWOT analysis but this is continuous. 4.3 Analytical marketing system In this company has collected all the relevant data from above which can effects the business, such as customer feed back and planning solutions for that, with promotional plans. 5. Macro environment All the external environment forces which can affect any company how to operates but which are beyond its control, such as economic natural, governmental, or cultural. The macro environment has very big impact on virgin railway. Its one of the national business, and involvement of railway is every where in country on this I have gathered some information from different sources which will justify how the influenced of macro environment in virgin trains marketing decision making. On macro environment I will be assessing the virgin

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Godfather essays

Godfather essays Francis Ford Coppolas, award winning film, The Godfather portrays a mafia family trying to survive among a crumbling empire of crime. The Godfather is more then just a movie about dog-eat-dog. With the use of great camera shots, dialogue, acting, character development, and storyline Coppola was able to create a classic masterpiece. The agreement of criminality and family honor is achieved with perfect accuracy. The Godfather portrays themes such as power, violence, love and betrayal. Through these various themes Coppola creates a purpose, which allows the audience to identify with the Corleone family. The Godfather is for certain entertaining, but entertainment is not Coppolas main purpose in creating this film. Coppola displays a strong emphasis on family and family values. The Godfather is a story about a family and the importance of staying together. In the past traditional American families were stereotyped from television shows such as Leave it to Beaver and The Brady Bunch. These families hold the stay at home mom who cooks and cleans for her working husband and the children who may get into trouble, but seem all too perfect. As America continues to get older the stereotypical family seems harder to believe. The Godfather displays a family that some may view as dysfunctional, but through the plot one understands they hold true family values. For instance, the Don never wanted his son Michael in the family business but instead wanted him to have a respectable job. Through displaying a different natured family Coppola is able to create the image that family worth is not based on how perfect the family seems. The Corleone family is involved in a business of crime. However, Coppola balances the story between family life and the ugly business in which they are engaged. No matter how ugly or sinful the business gets the love and respect this family has within their h ...

Eat Drink Man Woman Movie Review Confucian Ethics and Traditional Chinese Family Life

Eat Drink Man Woman Movie Review Confucian Ethics and Traditional Chinese Family Life Introduction Confucianism is a philosophical attribute used in China and which is based on the ethical values upheld by the Chinese community. The philosophy originated from the teachings of the K’ungu-fu-tzu also known as Confucius, a philosopher who has influenced the ethical system in Chinese society. It was first designed and centered on sociopolitical teachings but since then, it has shifted and it is now based on humanism (Sinaiko 12).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Eat Drink Man Woman† Movie Review: Confucian Ethics and Traditional Chinese Family Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The concept which is a humanistic approach recognizes that human values are not stagnant and can be changed from one form to another. Three aspects are borne form this belief that people are teachable, improvable and perfectible as well. The ideology is focused on preserving the humane aspect of members of the society by employing different teachings based on different foundations. There are three foundations that govern the act of Confucianism in the Chinese republic. These are ren, yi and li (Sinaiko 15). The three foundations touch on different aspects of the Chinese culture. For instance, the ren is the act of being humane to other people in the community and it is collectively known as altruism. (Xinzhong 24) Yi on the other hand is the act of behaving in a morally upright manner. In this case, people are expected to do good things. The last aspect which is li requires that one be humble for the sake of the other person. In Chinese society, one opts to give up his or her life either passively or actively for ren and yi to be effectively achieved in the community (Xinzhong 25). From this philosophical context, it is obvious why the movie â€Å"Eat Drink Man and Woman† was created in such a manner. The idea was to point out the ethical context of the Chinese people specifically those in Taiwan. This paper is a philosophical review of this movie. In the review, the author provides their reflections on the main ideas of the movie as well as on Confucian ethics in traditional Chinese family life. The connection between Confucian ideas on one hand and Chinese family life on the other hand in the movie will be addressed. Eat Drink Man and Woman Movie Review: Plot Summary The movie was released in 1994 by the Taiwan Film Records under the directorship of Ang Lee. He puts into context Confucianism by dramatizing the manners of the Taiwan community based on facts about life, love, and modernity. He uses food to explain the ideology of modern people in the community (Vick 3). Synopsis There are three daughters in the family who are not married. They live with their father who is a widower. It is noted that food is the main aspect in the film whereby the father cooks traditional foods and none of the daughter likes his dishes. They perceive it as too outdated but t heir father loves them so much such that he encourages them to eat the food. During Sunday dinners, he prepares for them traditional food and the relationship in the family seems to grow deeper and deeper (Vick 5).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The daughters are always afraid of him but in the film, the father can tell stories in different circumstances and this makes the daughters to have the urge to eat and have a deeper relationship with the father. Secretly, the middle sister loves the traditional food and aspires to be a cook in future even though the women are not encouraged to cook in the community (Vick 7). â€Å"Eat Drink Man and Woman† reveals the sexual and love scenarios in the society as the unattached daughters try to get engaged to other men in the surroundings who come to upset the calm at home. The middle daughter, Jia Chien, works with the air line services and gets a boyfriend from the office where she works. This changes the family relationship especially with the father (Vick 5). The first born daughter, Jia Jen, falls in love with a volleyball player and coach and she hunts for the man hysterically after realizing that she can be in love again on the basis of human desires. Initially, the older sister was so cynical about men. The youngest daughter, Jia Ning, is always in a constant sexual relationship and she eventually becomes pregnant while in college (Vick 9). The director of the movie introduces different characters in the film to highlight the family relationship. He especially highlights the characters of those men who are attracted to the ladies. For example, Li Kai in the office is attracted to the second born daughter. The climax of the film is when Mr. Chu begins dating Jia –Ning. The gentleman tells her that he wants to end his addiction to love. He confesses that he is too weak to do so as he does not know how to approach the act of love (Vick 9). The different characters change the family especially in the way they relate to one another. The family had a happy ending as each member clings to what they feel suits them better. The father marries a beautiful wife as all his daughters also get married elsewhere (Vick 13). Philosophical Context of the Movie and Confucianism Ethical Issues The movie is a reflection of Chinese ethical values. For example, the generation gap is a vital reflection in this movie as portrayed by the three daughters refusing to eat the traditional food. But the second born daughter secretly likes the traditionally made food from his father’s house and aspires to be a chef even though the Chinese society does not allow women to be chefs (Xinzhong 8). From a philosophical perspective, it is the opinion of this author that this is a very backward trend in the society as portrayed in the movie. Food takes center stage in this movie as portrayed by th e effects it has on the relationship between the father and his daughters. Love follows second as reflected in the other characters that become an obstacle in the normal family relationship. From the three foundations discussed by the writer earlier in this paper, these two themes clearly reflect modernity as far as generation gap is concerned. This is in regard to how people from different generations relate to one another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Eat Drink Man Woman† Movie Review: Confucian Ethics and Traditional Chinese Family Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Traditions seem to frighten the daughters away but the father seems to understand it. He convinces the daughters and succeeds in making one of them like the traditional meals (Vick 23). Confucianism is reflected here as the father shows humanity and patience when dealing with the daughters. The three foundations the writer explained earlier and which includes li demands that each individual sacrifice his or her life to accommodate other individuals. This is clearly seen in the second born daughter who secretly loves the traditional food. Here, loyalty is paramount to adhere to the cultural values which lack in the other daughters. Relationships As far as Confucian philosophy is concerned, the movie also reflects the kind of relationships that revolves around Chinese families. Relationship mounts to different levels which finally crescendos to the unexpected ending in the film. The Chinese culture provides that relationship is the centre of the Confucius ideology. In this case, it requires duties to be carried out in certain manners by certain individuals. This includes different relationships from different individuals. For instance, the relationship between parents and children as well as relationship among the children, juniors, and seniors as well (Xinzhong 24). The relationship in the film is reflected in the three daughters and the father. Some of the daughters are not aware of the place they occupy in the social order. This is clearly seen as the last born daughter behaves contrary to the Chinese norms. The Confucius requires young people to love their parents, when married to love the partner and so forth. All these are seen to recede in the background as modernism has taken root in the Chinese culture with fathers becoming cooks and daughters aspiring to become cooks too (Sinaiko 31). Women in Confucian Thought The film is revolves around the three daughters of a father who is widowed. The Confucian philosophy requires women to adhere to moral integrity. According to the philosophy, women are supposed to posses three qualities as far as a virtuous woman is concerned. First, they should be subordinate to the father before they get a husband. The woman is also supposed to be subordinate to the man she gets married to. Finally, the Chinese culture requires that the woman be subordin ate to the son after the husband passes on. All these makes up the Chinese woman as far as chastity is concerned (Xinzhong 26). Men on the other hand are supposed to remarry whenever they want and this is clearly evident in the movie as all of the daughters get married and the father also gets himself a beautiful wife hence the happy ending. However, the generation gap denies the characters in the film the opportunity to be virtuous women. This is seen as two of the daughters disregard the idea of the traditional food and start engaging in promiscuity (Xinzhong 29).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Promiscuity is seen in the younger daughter who gets pregnant while in college. The first born daughter has also tested love which led to a painful experience for her and that is why she is cynical about men. But at the end of it all she resolves to get engaged to a coach (Vick 19). Parting Shot The movie has portrays different cultural aspects of the Chinese society specifically in Taiwan. The director’s idea in the movie was to point out the moral loss in the current Chinese cultural practices. The traditional foods seem ridiculous to the current generation but it is the only way to make sure that the traditional norms are passed from one generation to the other by a father. Love and life norms are also some of the director’s view in the film where Confucianism clearly illustrates the importance of adhering to the cultural values. Sinaiko, Herman. Reclaiming the Canon: Essays on Philosophy, Poetry, and History. New York: Yale University Press, 2010. Print. Vick, Tom . Asian Cinema: A Field Guide. New York: Harper Perennial, 2008. Print. Xinzhong, Yao. An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Baldrige Research Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Baldrige Research Outline - Essay Example II. Its mission is to enable its customers improve their mode of operations by incorporating information and communication solutions offered. In order to achieve its mission, the company’s products and services are distributed through integrated mechanisms and structures which include presence of extensive dealers, integrator and service networks among others. c) Budget preparation should incorporate future changes in cyclical peaks. The relevant people preparing the budget should have relevant information about changes that are likely to occur. This will enable them make appropriate decisions for all phases of development. b) The Excellence Scorecards bounds the staff and other stakeholders to be very responsible hence everyone will be committed towards achieving missions and goals of the company. They develop personnel commitments which reduce employee turnover. Managers and individuals will focus on the ways of improved service delivery so as to satisfy the customers (Cazzell, 2009). c) These forecasting techniques enable top level leaders to establish priorities in conjunction with efforts to implement and deliver solutions to customers on time and whenever they require. It also helps create customer intimacy since the design and development processes of products and services will be done while aligning customers demands and expectations. d) The scorecard process enables the company management set key strategic initiatives that are linked to business processes focused on results. The end results of all business processes should create value to both employees and key stakeholders of the company. f) Motorola Online extranets which the company adopted is used to adjust shipments and products that are available so as to meet the needs of potential customers. In general, the forecasting techniques are used to improve customer service, which is the first priority of the company. V. MRP concepts- The Company uses intranet data

Radicals and Liberals in USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Radicals and Liberals in USA - Essay Example The 1954 coup de tat in Guatemala was planned by the CIA who had the intention of fighting communism in Guatemala and encouraging social, political and economic justice for the people of Guatemala. The U.S took part in the Coup because they believed that Guatemala could cooperate and join the U.S.S.R which the U.S.A was in cold war with. The U.S feared the soviet infiltration of the western hemisphere. This coup depicts how the United States of America has plays the role of protecting vulnerable citizens from anarchy. America presents modern concept in which issues are handled in a revolutionary modern way which shows that everything is a product of new and fresh thinking. Some of those who had lived in America argued that Americans lacked respect and that they discriminated people from other countries in that it was difficult to engage in communication with Americans and that it was not easy to get a servant when in the U.S.A. But according to Barzini, all these complain made no sen se because America has evolved and knew how to mingle with visitors. The U.S.A is depicted as materialistic and utilitarian nation in the world whose major aim is to explore other countries and deprive them of their valuables. Barzini came to change his perception about America when he came to realize the sight of depression, unemployment, poverty, fear and hopelessness being the order of the day in America during the 1920s. The world held the perception that America was in a position to create new jobs, produce more goods, wealth and success. After the Second World War, Americans sat in conference rooms to discuss a decision which they agreed upon unanimously so that nobody could be blamed in case of potential mistake. As a result of interaction, America influences other countries in that it tries to implant its culture on others. For instance, the Chinese people crashed their traditional culture by trying to fix in the America culture. America is being viewed as a threat to the wo rld because of its development in industrial, technical and scientific progress which translates into materialistic society by showing the American industrial power and material wealth. On the other hand, America’s role in the world has been viewed positively in that foreigners are urged to send their citizens to America so that they can learn advanced techniques, production process and scientific progress. They will study and adopt the best features of American society, a modern democratic, progressive society in which people find work, security, shelter and satisfaction. This process of knowledge transfusion from a wealthier nation like the United States is necessary and fruitful for development of other countries of the world. In the Truman speech, America was concerned with economic status of Turkey and Greece. These countries saw America as the only country that could aid them from financial instability. The U.S intervened in this situation with the aim of maintaining it s political and economic hegemony and with the need to help countries that loved peace and promoted its democratic ideals. In addition, the U.S supported Greece and Turkey so that they could build internal order and peace. There was no other country that would help democratic Greek government. This reveals that the U.S has been given the role of supporting and maintaining freedom in vulnerable countries. In 1958, those people who opposed American ideologies pelt the then vice president of U.S

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Foreign Architecture in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Foreign Architecture in China - Essay Example The lack of traditional Chinese form in any specific region and the ability of architects to reform China's urban landscape using experimental designs are attractive to architects (Moller 2004 p 1). China's architectural designs since the 1950's have been built heavily from Western influences, and most of the urbanised architecture from 1950 to 1970 was inherently designed and constructed by Russian builders (Moller 2004 p 1). China's spending on construction ranks only behind the United States and Japan's and is growing the fastest of the top ten spenders, at 8-9 percent annually. Remarkably, given China's cultural pride, most of the highest-profile projects now underway in Beijing were designed by foreign celebrities (Economist ed 2004 p 63). The influx of foreign architects in Beijing has incited controversy amongst Chinese nationals. Zhou Ganzhi, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, says, "No other country has opened its architectural design market to the world as wide as China. The rise of pan-internationalism threatens the distinctiveness of Chinese cities, making architectural evaluation difficult" (Hong 2005 p 15). The general consensus amongst critics of ... Is the Distinctiveness of China Threatened The influx of foreign architects in Beijing has incited controversy amongst Chinese nationals. Zhou Ganzhi, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, says, "No other country has opened its architectural design market to the world as wide as China. The rise of pan-internationalism threatens the distinctiveness of Chinese cities, making architectural evaluation difficult" (Hong 2005 p 15). The general consensus amongst critics of foreign and Western architecture in Beijing, China is that it removes the traditional and regional identity. Yung Ho Chang, architect, states that Chinese and Asian cities have a "lack of clear traditional urban structures this introverted quality is at odds with a modern lifestyle and the openness demanded by a highly developed commercial society" (Moller 2004 p 1). China's biggest cities are struggling to balance modern design with their historical structures (Mcguigan, Lin-lui and Mooney 2003 p56). Wu Chen, a traditional Chinese architect states "Beijing has become an experimental site for foreign architects" (Hong 2005 p 14). Beijing has changed beyond recognition, losing the traditional Chinese forms and incorporating more global influences and talents who have been drawn to China in the building effort of Beijing officials (Mcguigan, Lin-lui and Mooney 2003 p56). Review of Relevant Literature Each resource in this research essay has been verified as either a foreign architect working in China, or a Chinese architect. For example, Xuefei Ren received a PhD at the University of Chicago and has published several texts on urban planning (Ren 2006 p 1) Web sites of the actual architects (verified by name, address and

Managing Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing Projects - Essay Example Subsequent valid workday using the Predecessor's and successor's calendar The Earliest Time by which the Project should be Completed is the Ending Node TE (P) = 39 days As the Project will Start on 01 Dec. 2007 and there are 2 days weekly holidays, the Early Competition Date would be 25 January 2008. [Calculation shown in Appendix-1] Float Take another look at Network diagram has several pieces of information filled in for each node. The task forename and length are self-explanatory6. The most important task of developing the project schedule is to relate each of the responsibilities and combine duration, resource requirements, and reliance. We have to make several overtake all the way through the network diagram to calculate the values necessary to create a project scheduling. Early Finish EF = Early Start + Duration - 1 Early Start ES = EF + 1 (subsequent valid workday using the Predecessor's calendar) Late Start LS = LF - Duration + 1 (subsequent valid workday using the successor's calendar) Late Finish LF = LS - 1 Float = Late Start - Early Start Float = Late Finish - Early Finish7 In project management float is the amount of time that a terminal element in a project network can be delayed by, without causing a delay to: Subsequent terminal elements (free float) Project completion date (total float). For an example, consider the process of replacing a broken pane of glass in the window of someone's home. There are various component activities involved in the project as a whole; obtaining the glass and putty, installing the new glass, choosing the paint, obtaining a tin of paint, painting the new putty once it has set, wiping the new glass free of finger smears etc. The owner cannot buy the new paint until you...Manipulating and analysing data help the managers to manage the projects and funds. Take another look at Network diagram has several pieces of information filled in for each node. The task forename and length are self-explanatory6. The most important task of developing the project schedule is to relate each of the responsibilities and combine duration, resource requirements, and reliance. We have to make several overtake all the way through the network diagram to calculate the values necessary to create a project scheduling. For an example, consider the process of replacing a broken pane of glass in the window of someone's home. There are various component activities involved in the project as a whole; obtaining the glass and putty, installing the new glass, choosing the paint, obtaining a tin of paint, painting the new putty once it has set, wiping the new glass free of finger smears etc. The owner cannot buy the new paint until you have chosen it, he/she cannot paint the new putty until the window is installed and the new putty has set. Delaying the acquisition of the glass is likely to delay the entire project - this activity will be on the critical path and have no float, of any sort, attached to it and hence it is a 'critical activity'8. Julien, D.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Assessment and Assessment Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assessment and Assessment Techniques - Essay Example Formative assessment is a contrast of summative assessment because summative assessment seeks to monitor outcomes of education for external accountability. Developmental stages are the stages that a child goes through from childhood to adulthood. According to the study made by Erickson, the interaction of a person’s body, cultural influences, and mind determines development. With this in mind, Erickson organized eight development stages which progress from birth until death. The eight stages of development include: Infancy (birth to eighteen months), early childhood (eighteen months to three years), play age (three to five years), school age (six to twelve years), adolescence (twelve to eighteen years), young adult (eighteen to thirty five years), middle adulthood (thirty five to sixty five years), and late adulthood (sixty five to death). During my teaching profession, I sought to understand the assessment of the ever changing developmental stages in children. In this respect I planned an activity that would enable me to assess the differing developmental stages of the children in my work setting. This paper explores the devised plan, and implements a formative assessment activity, that takes into account the needs and interests of the children within my work setting. It demonstrates a systematic process of planning, evaluation, implementation, and the rationale for the design. Rationale for planning and implementing an assessment activity. The rational for formative assessment is quite clear and vivid. To start with provision of feedback, formative assessment provides feedback to the teachers so that they can modify the experience, and learning activities that are subsequent. Feedback involves focusing on the content that is being learnt (Blight, S. 2000). This is the epicenter of formative assessment. It facilitates self assessment development, clarifies the essence of good performance, and it is used in the provision of quality information to learner s concerning their learning. Feedback also boosts self-esteem and positive beliefs, and motivates peer and teacher dialogue in learning. Apart from this, formative assessment is important tool to be used to remediate the deficiencies of children (Cowie, B. 1999). It increases the self efficacy of a child and reduces the effect brought about by extrinsic motivation by moving the focus from obtaining grades into the process of learning. This method of assessment also improves the students’ metacognitive recognition of how they can learn (Black, P. 2000). It enables a teacher to fine tune instructions so that the students can focus on learning progress. Being motivated by the rationale for formative assessment, one thinks of an appropriate activity that could be used to assess the developmental stages in children. From many choices of formative activities and, techniques, the appropriate activity that can be used to quench the need for an assessment is the use of the tray painti ng activity with the help of an age and stage questionnaire (ASQ) for analysis. Planning and implementation of this technique is made possible by the use of a lesson plan shown below. Assessment

Etihad Airways Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Etihad Airways - Case Study Example His major aims were to increase the profitability and the yield by 2010. In order to satisfy this condition, James came up with a second bag charge to be imposed on the customers. The case also gives out certain aspects of the future plan of the airline. The airline has placed an order for 205 aircrafts for $43 billion. This will increase the fleet size to 100 in 5 years. This move will generate more revenue as the capacity of the airline will increase. The case says that Etihad Airlines gives much importance to customer value. They have a loyalty program for their customers which is called Etihad Guest. It includes features like, immediate rewards, no black-out periods, anytime availability, widest choice, miles plus cash, miles that are worth more and family membership. They had high end redemption awards. The case further says that the Indian market shows much stronger signs of improvement. Given, the current scenario, a passenger seat load factor of 76-77 percent is being expecte d. The Etihad Airlines is under a major issue of profitability and yield. James was hired to take the airline to profits by the year 2010. However, the chances seem to be slim. The International Air Transport Association has showed concern and has estimated that the global aviation industry will show a global net loss of $5.6 billion in the year 2010. To face the problem, James has ann... However, the chances seem to be slim. The International Air Transport Association has showed concern and has estimated that the global aviation industry will show a global net loss of $5.6 billion in the year 2010. To face the problem, James has announced the charging of second baggage to customers to increase revenue. However, the major question which it posses it is, whether such a move is profitable I the short run as well as the long run. And also what are the other options to achieve the target as well while maintaining the customer value or adding it. Literature Review Profitability is the term used to describe the ability of a company to earn profit (profitability definition). Passenger seat load factor is the measure of the airlines passenger carrying capacity being used. Second Baggage is the fees charged by an airline for carrying excessive baggage. Value proposition states that the functional and emotional benefits attached with a product or service is communicated in such a way that it appears higher than the cost of the product or service to the customer (Philip Kotler, 2009). A tool to identify ways to create more customer value is the value chain (Philip Kotler, 2009). The value chain shows the primary activities and the supporting activities of the business which together create value for the customer. Source: (Philip Kotler, 2009) Etihad Airways Strategy (Hogan, 2008) Etihad Airways does a lot of innovation to keep up the standards realistic to the market place. It has a clear policy of providing the customer with the best that there is. They have been using the below mentioned techniques: To reduce the costs they have been reducing space within the aircraft by maximizing the number of seats to the extent possible. They have been trying

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Importance Of Communication Within Nursing Nursing Essay

The Importance Of Communication Within Nursing Nursing Essay The aim of this essay is to explore the concept of communication within nursing. Communication is often seen as a verbal act, however, this essay will explore the various other means in which people communicate, and attempt to apply them to a clinical setting. It will also explain how important communication is when establishing the nurse, patient relationship, and how bad communication skills can result in a breakdown in that relationship. Finally, a reflection will be written on an aspect of communication that took place during a clinical placement. This will be used to highlight how good or bad communication techniques can impact upon the patient and hence inhibit or aid the rehabilitation process. Over recent years, the role of a nurse has changed considerably. According to Kenworthy et al (2002) the nurse no longer treats a patient who is ill, but treats the person who happens to have an illness. Nursing has taken on a more holistic approach, and patients are seen more as whole beings (Jones 1998). Not only are their medical histories examined, but their social being and their lifestyle are taken into consideration when planning and implementing treatment (Kenworthy et al. 2002). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008) specifies that nurses should treat patients as individuals and make their care their primary concern. This should be carried out whilst respecting their dignity and treating them as individuals. The code goes on to state, that a nurse should; act as an advocate for those in their care, helping them to access relevant health and social care, information and support (NMC 2008 p.1). In order for a nurse to understand the patient holistically, they will need to collect and analyse a huge amount of data. This begins with the initial assessment, and signals the beginning of the nursing process. (Palmer Kaur, 2005). According to Roper, et al (1983), cited in Aggleton Chalmers (2000) nursing should be centred on the patients twelve activities of daily living. This involves asking in depth questions concerning the patients normal behaviours and habits in relation to such activities as elimination, sleep, work and play. By talking to the patient and obtaining the information required, the nurse should aim to build a therapeutic relationship between themselves and the patient. During this period, the nurse should attempt to gain the trust of her patient by making them feel comfortable, safe and at ease (Sheldon 2005). This stage of the nurse, patient relationship is crucial, and depends wholly on the communication abilities of the nurse in question. In order for an assessment to be successfully completed, the nurse should be conscious of the types of questions used. The use of open ended questions can allow a patient to elaborate on their feelings, and prevent yes or no answers. However, when precise information is required the use of closed questions may be more appropriate (Sully Dallas 2005). Stuart Laraia (2001), cited in Riley (2004) argue that a therapeutic relationship can be facilitated by communication, but at times can act as a barrier to the relationship. Renwick (1992) cited in Arnold Boggs (2003) concur, suggesting that nurses should ask an appropriate number of questions in order to collect relevant data , yet too many questions could cause the patient to feel as if they are being cross-examined. According to Sheldon, (2005), a nurse should view communication as a clinical skill, and endeavour to constantly build on their expertise throughout their career. Communication in its simplest term, is the social interaction of people. It involves the sending and receiving of messages, which can either be verbal or non-verbal (Anderson, 1990). According to Riley (2004) firstly, the sender has to encode the message that he or she wishes to send. This message is then conveyed to the receiver through means of speech, sight, and touch. It is then necessary for the receiver to decode the message, and encode a return message. Speech is often seen as the main component of communication. However, it is important for health professionals to remember, that not all words have the same meaning for everyone. Even if a patient does understand what the nurse is saying, the non verbal actions that accompany the words spoken, can completely change the meaning of the message (Arnold Boggs, 2003) Therefore, other elements apart from speech need to be taken into consideration when decoding and encoding messages. According to Argyle (1988) and Ekman Friesen (1987), cited in Kenworthy et al (2002), facial expression can reveal volumes with regards to the emotional state of the receiver or sender. They recognised six fundamental emotions, which are identifiable across all cultures, by the movement of facial muscles; happiness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust and sadness. If a patient were undergoing an embarrassing procedure and the nurse caring for them showed signs of embarrassment or distaste via their facial muscles, this could make an unpleasant situation even more humiliating for the patient concerned. Stanton (1990) argues that an individuals body language can often display a much stronger message than their verbal communication, and can become open to misinterpretation. It is therefore necessary for health professionals to consider their non-verbal techniques of communica tion in order to avoid such misunderstandings. A further aspect of communications that a nurse should be conscious of is paralanguage. This includes the characteristics that run alongside language, for instance, pitch, volume, tone, accent and speed of speech. (Kenworthy et al 2002). It is entirely possible for the sender to encode one thing, only for the receiver to decode quite another. For instance, if a nurse is giving a patient instruction on how to take their medication, with a loud tone, and is pronouncing her words very slowly, the patient may feel as if they are being patronised. This could ultimately lead to a breakdown in communication, and hence the patients quality of care could become compromised. In conclusion, it is of the utmost importance that a nurse is able to build a trusting relationship with the patient, this will form the basis of the patients treatment and rehabilitation. The nurses communication ability is paramount and they must be fully aware of, and take into account the verbal and non-verbal aspects of communication. The nurse must also be aware of the diversity of clients, and treat them with sensitivity and respect. This will create a mutual understanding between nurse and patient, which will ultimately aid the rehabilitation process. The second part of this assignment will reflect on an incident that took place during a clinical setting. It will be used to demonstrate a further understanding of the importance of communication within nursing. Reflection on Practice Reflective practice has been identified and acknowledged as an essential tool within the healthcare profession. According to Jasper (2003), the ability to reflect upon ones experiences is the starting point for relating theory to practice. The reflective process requires the individual to be self aware, and able to analyse their actions, thoughts and feelings, and if necessary, bring about positive change (Bulman Schutz 2004). For the purposes of this reflection I will use the Gibbs reflective cycle (see Appendix 1). This model sets out a series of structured questions, which will help guide me through the reflective process In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct (2008) patient confidentiality will be maintained throughout this reflective account. Therefore, the patient involved will be referred to by the pseudonym of Rose. Description: What Happened? My first clinical placement was on an elective surgery ward. Rose, a 70 year old woman was suffering from primary osteoarthritis of the right hip. This is a degenerative, non-inflammatory condition, which affects the hyaline cartilage of the synovial joints (Manley and Bellman 2003). Due to her continuing pain and decreased mobility, she had agreed to undergo a total right hip arthroplasty. According to OBrien et al (1997a) arthroplasty, is the most common, and successful treatment for osteoarthritis of the hip. Rose was on her second, post operative day and was having trouble opening her bowels. The nurses caring for her were aware of this, and she had been given a laxative the previous evening. She was very reluctant to get out of bed and walk to the toilet herself, as she was afraid of the pain, and the fact that she may dislocate her hip. A staff nurse and I, had placed a bed pan underneath Rose several times that morning, but she had been unable to open her bowels. According to (Heberer and Marx 1995) constipation after surgery is quite commonplace, this can be due to the drugs taken after surgery to combat pain. Each time the staff nurse and I had assisted Rose, she had become very frustrated and angry. Later that afternoon Roses buzzer went off, she explained that she had a strong feeling that her bowels were about to open. I could tell by Roses facial expression that she was indeed desperate to open her bowels. The other two nurses on duty that day were busy with two post operative patients. I realised, that I would have to choose between waiting for another staff member to assist me, or allowing Rose to soil herself and her bed. I was aware that this would be very embarrassing and humiliating for her, I was also aware of the Code of Conduct (NMC 2008) that emphasises the fact that nurses should act in the best interests of the patient. I was also reluctant to attempt this alone, as Rose had become somewhat angry during previous attempts. Feelings: What were you thinking? Even though I had previously assisted qualified staff in placing Rose on a bedpan, I was rather apprehensive about tackling this procedure unsupervised. As no help seemed to be arriving, I realised that I had to make a decision. Not only was Rose becoming increasingly desperate, she was also becoming irate and impatient. I decided, that in order to adhere to the Code of Conduct (NMC, 2008) I would have to try and help Rose to the best of my ability, alone. I was very nervous, not only was I worried that I would not get her on the bedpan in time; I was also concerned that I would not be able to cope with her demeanour, if this happened. I did not feel experienced enough in my communication skills to be able to carry this out, whilst at the same time, attempting to place her on the bed pan. I explained to Rose that I was going to place the bedpan underneath her; I also explained that I was a student nurse and that I was still learning. Above Rose there was an over bed pole hoist (monkey bar) that she was able to use to pull herself up, whilst I placed the bed pan underneath her. Whilst Rose was pulling herself up she was making a lot of noise due to the strain of using her upper body, and the pain of her hip. I tried to encourage her with a calm voice, however I was aware that my tone of voice was rising because I felt panicked. This in turn caused Rose to become even more agitated. This was making me even more apprehensive, and I began to feel flustered and very inexperienced. It was very difficult to sit rose squarely on the bedpan as she was lying flat, I was very worried that she would completely miss it and soil the bedding. Not only would this be very humiliating and uncomfortable for her, but it would make me feel very incompetent as a nurse. During this time I f elt very inexperienced, and doubtful as to whether I would make a very good nurse at all. Eventually Rose managed to open her bowels, it was extremely loose and had an offensive smell. I was very worried that I would not be able to remain professional due to the sight and smell of the faeces. I was aware that this could be detrimental to Roses self esteem and could cause a barrier within the nurse, patient relationship. Whist wiping Rose, it was clear that she was very embarrassed. I too felt embarrassed, and endeavoured to keep talking to her until I had finished. Even though I had tried to hide my embarrassment, I was very concerned that Rose had been aware of it. This made me feel frustrated and annoyed with myself. Evaluation: What was good and bad about the situation? I feel that my lack of communication skills during an embarrassing situation were evident during the procedure. Rose was embarrassed enough, without me adding to her discomfort by showing my awkwardness. Although I managed to check my facial expressions whilst Rose was defecating for signs of distaste, I failed to check them for signs of embarrassment whilst wiping her. Despite my inexperience, I feel that I made the right choice when I decided to place Rose on the bed pan myself. I was aware that I had limitations as a student nurse, however, I felt that it was in Roses best interests for me to go ahead unaided. The whole situation would have been made a lot worse if Rose had defecated in the bed. She would have felt very humiliated and embarrassed and her feelings of lost independence would have escalated. Analysis: What sense can you make of the situation? On reflection I feel that I pre-judged Rose. Every time I had dealt with her over the previous two days she had appeared very demanding and short tempered. However, when everything had been cleared away, I sat with Rose and we talked for a while. Through the use of open questions I began to understand why Rose came across as difficult. Sully (2005), suggests that the use of open ended questions allows the patients to elaborate their feelings, and closed questions should only be used in instances when yes or no answers are required. I discovered that Rose was a very nice lady, who was simply embarrassed and frightened by her lack of mobility and independence. She explained that previous to her hip problems she had played golf on a regular basis, and that she was very worried that she would not be able to resume this pastime. According to Kennedy Sheldon (2004) anger in patients is often a reaction to fear and anxiety, particularly in cases where there is lack of independence. After ou r conversation, I felt that I had a greater understanding of Rose. Although I knew Rose was in pain, and appreciated her embarrassment, I had viewed her as an impatient, demanding lady. Rogers (1951), cited in Kennedy Sheldon (2004) suggest, that the manner in which a person responds to illness, is an individual response to their change of circumstances. He goes further, and states that it is the responsibility of the nurse to treat the patient as an individual, devoid of any prejudice, and with unconditional positive regard. (ibid). Smith Hart (1994), cited in Hollinworth et al (2005) concur, stating that nurses should refrain from being judgemental and should never label patients as being difficult or demanding following a particular episode of anger. On reflection this is exactly what I did. Due to Roses frustration during earlier attempts to place her on the bed pan, I had perceived her as a demanding and bad tempered lady, this had led to me feeling very apprehensive about dea ling with her. On reflection, I realise that I made assumptions about Roses personality that were not true. During the procedure I had attempted to calm Rose down by talking to her. However, I had allowed the tone of my voice to rise because I felt flustered. Ellis et al (2003), suggest that the tone and pitch of a senders voice can give clues to the receiver about the mood, and mind state of the sender. Jack Smith (2007), argue that the actual tone of the voice used, can have more of an impact that the actual words spoken. This can lead to a total misinterpretation of the message being conveyed and could ultimately lead to a breakdown in the nurse, patient relationship (ibid). Even though I was encouraging Rose, the tone and level of my voice could have been perceived as impatient. This would have caused Rose to become even more agitated, during what was an embarrassing and humiliating time for her. During the procedure I had also underestimated how my facial expression could be perceived by Rose. Although I had been conscious of not displaying signs of distaste whilst Rose was defecating, I had failed not to show signs of my embarrassment whilst wiping her afterwards. Arnold and Boggs (2003) argue that if the verbal message fails to match the non-verbal message, then the non-verbal aspects will take precedent. Therefore, even though I was telling Rose that everything was fine; my face was conveying quite clearly that I was very embarrassed. On reflection, I can see that this must have been very humiliating for Rose, as she was normally a very independent lady who was used to dealing with her elimination needs herself. Conclusion: This situation, has taught me the importance of building a therapeutic, trusting relationship with patients. It is essential that the nurse knows the person as a whole in order to treat them as individuals. If I had been aware of how independent and active Rose had previously been, then I would have been far better equipped to deal with her. I have also been made more aware of the dangers of pre-judging patients. I had labelled Rose as a bad tempered lady, and had failed to understand her reasons for this behaviour. This experience has shown me the importance of questioning and listening to patients in order to see them as whole beings. My experience has shown me, how lack of communication skills can cause barriers within the nurse patient relationship. It is very important to not only be aware of what you are saying, but to also be aware of non-verbal communication techniques that run alongside language. Action Plan My encounter with Rose has shown me how inexperienced I am with regards to communication with patients. I realise the importance of continually striving to enhance my skills, in order to progress as a student nurse. During subsequent placements, I will take the opportunity to practice my communication techniques, bearing in mind that communication is not only about conversing with the patient verbally, but also about being aware of facial expressions, paralanguage and the ability to listen attentively. In future I will be acutely aware of the importance of not pre-judging or labelling patients, but will endeavour to treat them respectfully and as individuals. Overall Conclusion In conclusion, good communication skills are essential in order for a nurse to provide the best level of care. For a nurse to be able to establish a trusting relationship with the patient, they must first have a mutual understanding. This understanding can only be achieved if the nurse is able to communicate effectively, being aware, not only of the words being used, but also of the non-verbal traits that run alongside those words. The nurse also needs to be aware of the patients non-verbal cues. Many patients will show signs of frustration or anger because they are frightened, it is important that the nurse is able to read these signs and investigate them further. For a nurse to successfully practice, it is essential that they continually practice, develop and enhance their communication skills throughout their career. Reference List Aggleton P and Chalmers H (2000) Nursing Models and Nursing Practice. (2nd edn.) Hampshire: Palgrave Anderson C (1990) Patient Teaching and Communicating in an Information Age. New York: Delmar Publishers Inc. Arnold E and Underman Boggs K (2003) Interpersonal Relationships; Professional communication Skills for Nurses. (4th edn.) Missouri: Elsevier Science Bulman C and Schutz S (eds.) (2004) Reflective Practice in Nursing. (3rd edn.) Edinburgh:Bailliere Tindall Ellis B Gates B and Kenworthy N (2003) (2nd edn.) Interpersonal Communication In Nursing. China: Elsevier Science Heberer M and Marx A (1995) Complications of enteral nutrition. London: Edward Arnold Hollinworth H Clark C Harlanor R Johnson L and Partington G (2005) Understanding The Arousal Of Anger; A Patient Centred Approach. Nursing Standard 19(37) pp.41-47 Jack K and Smith A (2007) Promoting Self-Awareness In Nurses To Improve Nursing Practice. Nursing Standard 21(32) pp.47-52 Jasper M (2003) Beginning Reflective Practice. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Jones P (1998) Holism: Making Sense of It. All (online) Available at http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/hcmholis.html, (accessed 14 October 2008) Kenworthy N Snowley G and Gilling C (2002) Common Foundation Studies in Nursing. (3rd edn.) Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Manley K and Bellman L (2003) Surgical Nursing; Advance Practice. London: Churchill Livingstone The Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct (2008) (Online) Available at http://www.nmc-uk.org/aArticle.aspx?ArticleID=3 056 (accessed 16 October 2008) OBrien S Engela D Leonard S Kernohan G and Beverland D (1997a) Prosthetic Dislocation in Customized Total Hip Replacement: A Clinical and Radiographic Review. Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing 1 (1):4-10 Palmer D and Kaur S (eds.) (2003) Core Skills for Nurse Practitioners. London: Whurr Publishers Riley J B (2004) Communication In Nursing. (5th edn.) Philadelphia: Mosby Roberts A (2008) (online) Available at http://distributedresearch.net/blog/2008/05/27/reflection-on-keeping-an-action-log-for-a-month (accessed 20th October 2010) Sheldon Kennedy L (2005) Communication for Nurses; talking with patients. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. Stanton K (1990) Communication. London:Macmillan Sully P and Dallas J (2005) Essential Communication Skills for Nurses. China: Elsevier Mosby

Inserted-Plate Coated of Methanol Steam Reformer

Inserted-Plate Coated of Methanol Steam Reformer High Efficiency Inserted-Plate Coated of Methanol Steam Reformer: PEM Fuel Cell Applications Methanol can be easily stored and transported and converted to H2 using a reforming reactor that makes it an excellent hydrogen and energy source for fuel cell applicationsEasily storage, transporting and converting to H2 by a reforming reactor using makes it an excellent energy source for PEMFC applications [1-3] During the last decades, there has been a growing interest on developing technologies taking advantage of clean energy sources. The reduction of atmospheric pollution and, namely, the emission of greenhouse gases have become imperative and, among the new technologies for mitigating these emissions, fuel cells have the ability to efficiently convert chemical into electrical energy. In particular, PEMFCs are zero-pollutants emission systems because they transform the chemical energy of the electrochemical reaction within hydrogen and oxygen into clean electrical powerTodays, for environmental issues, growing interest on developing technologies including clean energy sources has been focused. Pollution issue and, especially, the emission of greenhouse gases have become crucial and, the new technology for elimination of these emission, can be achieved by PEMFC. [4, 5] Meanwhile, compared to other feedstocks, methanol exploitation shows various advantages as a hydrogen carrier for fuel cell applications and, namely, it can be produced from renewable sources[9], and the reforming reaction occurs at relatively low temperatures, ca. 240–260 1CAmong these, methanol exploitation leads various advantages as a hydrogen carrier and, especially, reforming reaction applying at relatively low temperature (240-260 C) [6] , compared to the methane reforming, normally performed at 800–1000 1C, compared to the methane reforming, normally carry out at 800-1000 C[7] . Methanol steam reforming (MSR) reaction has been seen as a very attractive and promising process for hydrogen production and, according to the scientific literature on the argument, it can be described by the following chemical reactions:Attractive and promising of the methanol steam reforming process cause especial insight to this reaction which according to the scientific references, occurs by the following chemical reactions: Where reactions 1, 2 and 3 represent MSR reaction, water gas shift reaction and methanol decomposition reaction, respectively.Reaction (1), represents MSR reaction, reaction (2) represents water gas shift reaction and reaction (3) represents the methanol decomposition reaction The reactor design has direct impact on the reaction conversion, but owing to higher technical complexity and manufacturing costs of other designs, the reformers and MRs are normally tubular. However, recent efforts in the area of micro-processing made possible and easier to manufacture other reactor designs and namely well-structured à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡at micro-reactors. A micro-reactor is defined as a device that contains micro structured features, with a sub-millimeter dimension, in which chemical reactions are performed in a continuous manner They present advantages compared to conventional ones such as higher surface-to-volume ratio, smaller mean distance of the specific à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uid volume to the reactor walls, better heat and matter transfer properties and à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow patterns that fit with the reaction needs. Furthermore, à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡at reformers are suitable for stack integration with fuel cells. Packed-bed micro-reactors require well-define catalyst particles, wi th regular shape and much smaller than the internal dimensions of the micro-channels, which is a problem for most of commercial catalysts.The reactor design, directly impress reaction conversion but owning to higher complexity and fabrication costs should be considered. Common normally MRs are in tubular shape. However, recent researches show easier to manufacture and possibility of other designs and namely well-structured flat micro-reactors. A reactor containing micro structure features and sub-millimeter dimension through performing in a continues manner representing advantages such as higher surface to volume ratio, smaller mean distance of the specific fluid volume to the reactor walls, improving heat and mass transfer make appropriate situation of stack integration with fuel cells. [8]. Many studies have been developed to explore the advantages of micro/mini-reactors to produce hydrogen through MSR The design of a reactor targets the maximization of the conversion and selectivity at the lowest costs and its performance is inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uenced by the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow pattern, velocity profile, pressure drop and heat transfer, so all these aspects must be consideredTo fabricate an effective micro-reactor having maximum conversion and selectivity at a low cost is impressed by the flow pattern, velocity profile, pressure drop and heat transfer, therefore all these approaches should be considered[9]. For conducting MSR reaction, most of the used reactor designs are rectilinear channels, pin-hole, coil-based and radial (Fig. 2).Coil-based reactor designs allow high conversions, but impose a significant pressure drop penalty, which may be a limitation for compact applications Categorization of the design consist rectilinear channels, pin-hole, coil-based and radial (Fi g. 2). Among these, Coil based leads high conversion and pressure drop preventing compact applications[9]. In the other hand, the rectilinear channel designs exhibit a small-pressure drop, but the conversion is low due to uneven mass distribution and is affected by the Reynolds number while, the first exhibit a small pressure drop, uneven mass distribution cause lower conversion which impressed by Reynolds number[9]. Yet, by adjusting the channels width [69] or by imposing a pressure drop at the channels entrance even distributions on rectilinear channel designs can be obtained, improving the methanol conversion[10]. Conventional packed-bed reactor has disadvantages, such as hot spots, delays in start-up, and mass and heat transfer limitations. For micro-scale reactor, the pressure drop is somewhat higher due to space constraints of channels being blocked with catalysts. A micro-pump used in portable applications may not be capable of overcoming a high pressure drop. On the other hand, microchannel reactor offers advantages, such as fast heating and cooling, large surface-area-to volume ratios, and less energy input The packed-bed reactors as a classic system, have disadvantages, such as hot spot, slow start-up, and heat and mass transfer limitations. Micro-structure scale of this group utilizing a micro pump is necessary, due to high pressure and channel blockage [10]. Some research has shown that wall-coated reactor performs better than packed bed reactor for SRM reaction various researches has proofed better performance of the wall-coated than packed bed reactor for SRM reaction[11, 12]. Experimental Catalyst preparation Firstly, 200 ml deionized water was heated to 80ËÅ ¡C and then metal nitrates of Cu, Zn and Fe (to prepare CuZnFe) were dissolved into the water until get the 0.2M solution. This solution was added to the heated water (80ËÅ ¡C) over stirrer under 350 rpm. To control and adjust pH around 7, the precipitation agent of 0.5M Na2CO3 was used. The obtained precipitates were aged at 60 ËÅ ¡C for 2 h under vigorous stirring. Afterward, the solids were filtered and washed with warm deionized water for several times and dried at 110 ËÅ ¡C for 12 h. then, the dried powder was calcined in a furnace at 350 ËÅ ¡C for 4h. Catalyst slurry preparation PVA (87-90% hydrolyzed, average mol wt 30,000-70,000,SIGMA-ALDRICH) was added to deionized water first, and stirred at 70 C until totally dissolved, then cooled at room temperature. As-synthesized, high-performance CuZnFe catalyst (10 wt.% catalyst) was added into the PVA solution (0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.% PVA) as-prepared. The catalyst slurry was kept in the ultrasonic bath for 1 h. Catalyst coating by electrophoretic deposition on stainless steel plates To prepare a regular, controlled catalytic layer, a well-stable suspensions of the catalyst powder are necessary which depend on the particle size, solvent characteristics and additional agents. To do this, the powder were milled to get a uniformity of particle size distribution below 40 micron, at least. Isopropanol was selected as solvent due to lower conductivity limiting solvent transportation than of the aqueous ones. Moreover, presence of aqueous base cause water electrolysis following poor coverage of catalyst. Electrophoretic deposition was performed at constant voltage (140 V) using a power supply unit (SPS-900NP-Navasanpardaz). The stainless steel (AISI-304) palates (7.04 cm2) were used as electrodes in the EPD bath. To cover both sides of the plate, a system including three electrodes was selected which, were mounted at a distance of 15 mm in a cell with a total volume of 120 ml. slurry of 72 g/L of catalyst in isopropanol and 1 g/L of PEI as binder was prepared through 15 min strongly stirring and then, 15 min signification in an ultrasonic bath (1200M-Soltec). The time of 4 min as coating time was fixed for all samples. After coating, the plates were dried in room temperature and then calcination at 350 C for 2 h. Method and materials According to the procedure in fig. 1, a series of CuZnFe slurries and samples were prepared. The synthesized powder was milled at 250 rpm for 10 min (due to initial fine powder structure short milling time was chosen) by a milling apparatus. It make a stable behavior of the slurry and homogenous final layer deposited. Results and Discussion After the coating procedure, the changing structure of the CuZnFe catalyst, the operating parameters and micro-channel characterization affect the efficiency of hydrogen in the output. In this study, explored a number of vital parameters characterization, including channeling arrangement and shape, coating methods and the efficiency of hydrogen production. Micro-Channeling Theory Design and micro-channel arrangement optimization cause select an appropriate structure limited by performance efficiency, constant cost like startup, Fabrication, and variable costs (Catalyst stability, coated layer quality, appropriate life time). Regardless of the constant costs, overall state and changing catalytic plates while the plates have been channelized, replacement and re-channelizing, coating procedure should be more difficult. Although, chein et. Al. [13] adopt three types reformer including the microchannel, the plain channel and the inserted catalyst layer while utilizing channeling over cover plate is different. All proposed structure of a square microchannel have been shown below†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In this research, flexibility and replacing of an aged micro-reformer has been emphasized, an appropriate configuration with the minimum of fabrication cost through a recoverable coating procedure, minimum catalyst consuming and high efficiency has been adopted. A treated stainless steel as active layer was coated by the high efficiency CuZnFe catalyst which coated in an electrophoretic bath under a high controlling ability condition. The EPD producer will be discussed elsewhere, in detail. According to the optimum condition of a constant parameters, type of micro-channels, length and stability have been investigated. Reactor design The reactors were designed as flat-plate composed of stainless steel 304 plates. The microstructures were introduced by CNC technology. The both cover plate were machined to cover the active catalytic layer and increasing area to volume concept. The active layers were coated by home-made synthesized high efficiency steam reforming catalyst. Subsequently, the housing sealed by graphite gasket and bolts. The size and number of channels are summarized in table 1. Table 1.  Summary of the dimensions of the reactor: the channel dimensions are only provided for the reformate side of the plates Parallel channel Zig-zag channel Length(mm) Wide(mm) Depth(mm) Length(mm) Wide(mm) Depth(mm) The test plates and reformer design details are shown in fig. 1. On the top side of the cover plate, as shown in fig. 1(a), microchannel were patterned zig-zag path to reduce pressure drop along the path, holding high activity of the catalyst through the contact time increasing.(ref) the feed methanol-water mixture is sent to the vaporizer section including an inert alumina granule packed developing the heat transfer, and then, collected in an triangle manifold in the reformer inlet to obtain a more uniformly distributed flow. The design of the reformer channel (as shown in fig) leads splitting-jointing in an alternatively manner. In order to identify the reactant flow pattern effect on the reforming performance, the reformer channels shown in fig.1 were investigated. Catalyst coating The results of coating procedure, have been shown in fig 2. For all the plates, the same catalyst loading of 25mg was coated. Experimental setup A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in fig. 3. The main components of the system are reactants, micro-reformer and products. To provide the heat of the reaction an electrical furnace was used controlled by a TIC. The feedstock system including methanol-water in liquid phase was sent by a syringe pump (model nnn) in a designed feed composition and determined S/C= 1.3 in all the tests. The reformed gas stream was then sent to a cold trap to eliminate the unreacted liquid phase. In continues, the rest of the gases was conducted to a gas chromatography equipped via two columns of carboxen and hysep Q (model shimadzu GC-8A). Based on the achieved fractions and compositions, the methanol conversion, CO selectivity, hydrogen yield and stability of the active layer cab be achieved. A K-type thermocouple connected at the end of the holes which designed to measure temperature of determined spots along the axis, default of the measurement is based on the central point of the reformer for all the tests. Results and Discussion 50 mm parallel microchannel Fig. 4 and fig. 5 display the performance of the microchannels according to the length. The investigation was performed under different temperature and micro channel types. It can be observed that the methanol conversion rates with various lengths is no different although the magnitude of this depends on the micro channel arrangement and for the direct parallel channels is more obvious. In the experiments, the effect of reaction temperature could overcome length and full conversion of methanol was achieved, finally. For the zig zag type, by variation in length in a range of 20 to 50 mm, no difference was observed. The arrangement cause more efficiency in reduction of surface to volume ratio. Actually the need of a sufficient contact time of the reactants on the catalytic active sites is necessary for a satisfying conversion. In the zag-zag type the contact time will increased and the at least of the sufficient length of full conversion is about 25mm. other lengths below those was not possible due to the limitation of the mass flow controller. On the other hand, being endothermic of MSR, the least requirement heat of reaction can be supplied by increasing of the contact time on the cover plate which is contacted to the heating source, consequently following the micro channel length. About the CO content, however, due to being full conversion in considered lengths, there is no significant different among the cases. Higher conversion can cause producing some more CO in the outlet. On the other hand, sufficient existing catalyst affect the CO production due to being active rWGS in lower loading of the catalyst. (ref). Zig-Zag microchannel Felani et al. [ ] proposed that a novel channel arrangement with a certain sizing could guarantee better flow distribution, higher contact time being accessible of reaction and heating, and lower pressure drop than those of conventional ones. The proposed model can increase the methanol conversion. Fig. 6 shows the illustration of the micro-reactor with such zig-zag microchannel. The performances of parallel microchannels and that of zig-zag microchannels are compared by the present experiment. The micro-reactor in this study is different from that of chein et al. [13]. In chein’s paper, the reactor only has simple inserted plate without channelizing. It is noticed that in this experiment novel catalyst of CuZnFe has been used and the goal of this experiment is not the comparison of the cases. Advantages of easily replacing, lower costs of recoating and flexibility managing of the fuel processor. Fig. 7 shows the variation of the methanol conversion with the temperatures. It c an be found that with the increase of the temperature, the methanol conversion decrease. The conversion in zig-zag microchannels were higher than those in parallel microchannels. When the temperature is high, methanol conversion in zig-zag microchannels could be 20% higher than that in parallel microchannels. As mentioned before, zig-zag microchannels induce potential of providing more contact time to react under the help of catalysts, thereby enhancing the methanol conversion. Conclusions In this paper, the experiment of methanol steam reforming were performed in a micro-reformer coated with novel CuZnFe catalyst. The following conclusion can be achieved. 1. The impacts of reaction temperature, gas hourly space velocity, H2O-to-CH3OH molar ratio and catalyst stability were also investigated in this stainless micro-reformer. Condition selection of optimum operation can be achieved by these useful guidance. 2. Micro-reactor with two types microchannel arrangement, including zig-zag path and parallel microchannels, different lengths of 15, 30 and 60 mm were evaluated. It is found that methanol conversion in microchannels with zig-zag path are much higher than that of parallel path. In addition, since zig-zag path cause more contact time of the reactants on active sites of catalyst, there is no different of methanol conversion with length variation, while in the parallel path, it was obvious that higher length leads to more methanol conversion. References [1] D.R. Palo, R.A. Dagle, J.D. Holladay, Chemical Reviews 107 (2007) 3992-4021. [2] L. F Brown, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26 (2001) 381-397. [3] C. Liao, P.A. Erickson, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 1652-1660. [4] J.-H. Wee, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 11 (2007) 1720-1738. [5] S. Bose, T. Kuila, T.X.H. Nguyen, N.H. Kim, K.-t. Lau, J.H. Lee, Progress in Polymer Science 36 (2011) 813-843. [6] R.Y. Chein, Y.C. Chen, Y.S. Lin, J. Chung, International Journal of Energy Research 36 (2012) 466-476. [7] A. Basile, A. Iulianelli, T. Longo, S. Liguori, M. De Falco, Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production Processes, Springer, 2011, pp. 21-55. [8] V. Hessel, S. Hardt, H. Là ¶we, Chemical micro process engineering: fundamentals, modelling and reactions, John Wiley Sons, 2006. [9] H. An, A. Li, A.P. Sasmito, J.C. Kurnia, S.V. Jangam, A.S. Mujumdar, Chemical Engineering Science 75 (2012) 85-95. [10] X. Ouyang, L. Bednarova, R. Besser, P. Ho, AIChE journal 51 (2005) 1758-1772. [11] A. Karim, J. Bravo, D. Gorm, T. Conant, A. Datye, Catalysis today 110 (2005) 86-91. [12] J. Bravo, A. Karim, T. Conant, G.P. Lopez, A. Datye, Chemical Engineering Journal 101 (2004) 113-121. [13] R.-Y. Chein, Y.-C. Chen, Y.-S. Lin, J. Chung, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 50 (2011) 1253-1262.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Disjunction of Senses in Modern City Life

Disjunction of Senses in Modern City life In his chapter â€Å"City Life and the Senses,† John Urry discusses how the senses system operates in â€Å"open societies† of streams of crowds in open space. The five senses are comprised by the visual, auditory, touch, taste, and olfactory. Urry views visuality as an ambivalent force that is prioritized above the other sense through the developments of centuries and somewhat abused by as visual sense becomes increasingly accelerated in the city life dominated by technology.The imbalance in the sensed environment is magnified by the physical natures of the senses themselves, but the inexpedience in this discrepancy is a product of civilization, implying that visuality and other senses are capable of interacting collaboratively under a hierarchy for a city life that â€Å"plays to all the senses. † The innate features of eyes provide the power for the visual sense. Light travels almost instantaneously while other mediums , like voice, are air-borne. Signals emitted by the sender are instantaneously received by the viewer.While sound and scent can collect their input from all directions and frequencies, sight is focused and specified. Urry mentions Simmel’s argument that â€Å"the eye is a unique ‘sociological achievement’† which â€Å"produces extraordinary moments of intimacy. † Uninterrupted interactions between the eyes carry â€Å"the history of their life and †¦the times dowry of nature. † These characteristics allows â€Å"the eye to [objectify] and [master]† more than the other senses. One could choose to close his eyes when the objects do not reach the expectation.Thus, vision possesses a seemingly superior ability to judge objects from specified angels. Another nature of the eye is that it can act as a delicate measuring tool that collects a vast amount of information. As Urry shows, the eye â€Å"sets a distance, and maintains a distanc e. † Consequently, this capacity to carry and discharge information â€Å"enables the world to be controlled at a distance, combining detachment and mastery† and communication between individuals â€Å"produces the ‘most complete reciprocity’ of person to person, face to face. In addition, Technology adds a new dimension to the existing complexity of visual dominance in the spatiality of sense. The implementation of modern technologies further enlarges the prioritizing of vision. Urry writes that â€Å"vision was given an especially powerful role in the modern era. † Cell phones, emails, and video chatting messengers, like Skype connect people wirelessly. Touch and smell no longer factor into the interactions such that it is no longer necessary for the physical presence of a person for communication.People seek increasingly greater standards for technologies that appeal to the visual sense. Modern innovations, for example, have advanced television f rom black-and-white to color to LED display to plasmid and recently to HDTV for ever improved visual experience. In contrast, there have been few advances in the auditory capabilities of modern inventions. The radio remains mostly unchanged through the past half century. The contrast between technological advances caters again to an assumed superiority of vision over the other sense. However, visuality has its limitations.We have abused the bestowed privilege while the human activities in modern society favor the development of visual sense. â€Å"According to Urry, â€Å"the city both is fascinated with, and hugely denigrates, the visual. † The moment the look dominates, the boy loses its materiality. † The mind becomes biased and receives false information about the truth as our eyes are more involved in working and recreational activities. For example, when shopping for luxury commodity, without â€Å"touching,† people sometimes believe in their visual judgme nt of the authenticity of the product.Besides, the eye turns vulnerable due to excessive usage. More and more people are optically corrected with glasses and contacts. Hand-free products grow multiplicatively popular thanks to its ability to dilution the burden of visual sense. Meanwhile, other senses are essential in that their importance is exemplified by the vast number of common expressions in daily speech. â€Å"Each sense gives rise to metaphors which attest to the relative importance of each within everyday life. People use expressions like â€Å"sounds good to me† and â€Å"it rings a bell,† attesting to the importance of the auditory realm. The auditory sense plays an important role in our learning process. From infancy, we are exposed mostly to sound while we are still â€Å"blind† about what is happening in the world. Then, we start to learn to talk by listening to our parents and are able to identify objects by connecting things we see with their au ditory equivalents. In school, lecturing is an indispensible portion of learning.Most students prefer learning from their instructors over reading the books and trying to understand the material. Furthermore, there are activities involving other senses that are insubstitutional by visuality. Music is a discipline in which visual sense is ineffective. Determining a keynote of melody, for some people, is an even more proficient mastery than visuality. Indeed, each division of the sensed system attempts to adapt to the evolving spatiality as the open societies become gradually civilized.Urry suggests that no matter which coordinates we use, â€Å"a threshold of effect of a particular sense which has to be met before another sense is operative. † This is not quite true. Multiple senses are certainly capable of coexisting in a parallel manner, and they should cooperate under a hierarchy between different senses. The concept â€Å"sensuous geography,† which connects together analyses of body, sense, and space,† should be introduced when examining the issue. The significance of the open societies is to encourage communication and mixture between senses and to achieve spatial complementarities.For instance, â€Å"sight is not seen as the noblest of the senses but as the most superficial, as getting in the way of real experiences that should involve other sense and necessitate much longer periods of time in order to be immerses in the site. † People have come up with approaches such that we can integrate the senses together to be truly reciprocal not within itself, but rather among the divisions to illustrate a decent understanding of city life that is composed. When someone visits a landscape, he or she can carry an electronic mobile auditory guide with them which plays an audio introduction of the spot.The device not only facilitates and enhances visual experience, but also alters the perception of the surrounding space for the tourist beca use â€Å"each sense contributes to people’s orientation in space. † Failure to do so may lead them to be insensitive and incapacitated. It is inevitable that the senses system has developed unequally as the open societies refine. Although visuality plays an essential role in city life, we ought not to overlook the rest of senses, such as previously discussed auditory sense. On the other hand, it is imperative to have a hierarchy for the five senses to operate cooperatively.Nevertheless, senses system may still remain stagnant in suburban cities, or closed societies, where people are not congested by technologies and crowds. Despite of their disparate spatiality and sensed environment, we shall consider the alternative account of sensing nature to assist our understanding of city life in open societies.Bibliography â€Å"City Life and the Senses. † Urry, John. A compaion to the city. Blackwell Publishing, 200. 388-397. Wikipeadia. 27 9 2008 <http://en. wikipe dia. org/wiki/Auditory_learning>.

An Overview Of The Malaysian Energy Sector Environmental Sciences Essay

Natural resources such as the air current and Sun are efficaciously utilize to bring forth energy. Since these types of resources are theoretically infinite, it offers attractive force to be utilised and developed extensively. In 2008, approximately 19 % of primary energy for the universe ‘s ingestion is sourced from renewable resources. Large hydropower constitutes the highest per centum followed by biomass. Modern engineerings like air current, solar, geothermic and other engineerings produce really less of the universe ‘s demand. Figure 2.1 and 2.2 high spots the present renewable energy scenario [ 7 ] . Malaysia is a state that rich with renewable beginnings of energy, such as biomass, biogas, solar, and mini-hydro. Renewable energy is expected to play a larger function in the close hereafter in the position of the depletion of non-renewable fuels militias and growing in energy demand. The Malaysia Government is beef uping the function of the renewable energy as the fifth fuel in energy mix. However, the part of renewable energy to the entire electricity coevals mix is really low. As of December 2009, renewable energy merely contribute & lt ; 1 % ( 55.5 MW ) of the electricity coevals for the national grid. Malayan authorities has approved the Renewable Energy and Action Plan in April 2010 and will implement in 10 Malaysia Plan and beyond. In 2003, the entire electricity generated in the state was 83,300 GWh of which 72.8 % was contributed by gas, 16.3 % coal, 6.2 % hydropower, 4.0 % oil merchandises and 0.7 % by biomass and other fuels. Out of the 78,900 GWh produced by the public-service corporations and IPPs, 45,450 GWh or 57.6 % was contributed by IPPs ( Statistic of Electricity Supply Industry in Malaysia, 2004 ) . At the terminal of 2003, the sum installed coevals capacity of the public-service corporations and IPPs in the state was 18,800 MW with a works mix of 58.2 % gas turbine and combined rhythm, 19.3 % coal, 11.3 % hydropower, 7.5 % oil, 3.4 % Diesel and the staying others. The state ‘s electricity production from 2005 to 2009 is shown in Table 2.1. The entire supply of energy in Malaysia increased from 2000 to 2005 and go oning addition in 2010. The chief beginnings of supply were rough oil and crude oil merchandises, and natural gas. The portion of petroleum oil and crude oil merchandises declined while that of coal and coke increased, reflecting reduced dependance on a individual beginning of supply in maintaining with the Fuel Diversification Policy. In 2010, all of the chief signifiers of energy supply had experienced growing in response to spread outing demand but, consistent with the Fuel Diversification Policy, the portion of crude oil merchandises was declined to 61.9 % while that of natural gas was increased to 15.8 % in 2010. However, although rough oil and crude oil merchandises is still lend the greatest proportion of the entire supply, a farther addition in the usage of coal and coke had allowed some decrease in the one-year growing rate of the oil supply, while the parts by natural gas and hydro had remained about the same. The security, dependability, quality and cost effectual supply of energy had been enhanced through an optimum energy mix preponderantly from domestic beginnings. The monetary value of rough oil in international markets is expected to stay high so that farther efforts will be made to cut down dependance on crude oil merchandises and to use their expeditiously. Between 2000 and 2005, the beginnings of fuel for power coevals were farther diversified with the increased usage of coal, consistent with the scheme to guarantee security and dependability of electricity supply every bit good as to cut down the high dependance on gas. Altogether, between 2000 and 2005, a sum of 6,420 MW of new coevals capacity was installed. Attempts were undertaken to cut down the high dependance on natural gas in the coevals mix by increasing the usage of coal. As a consequence, the portion of coal in the entire coevals mix increased from 8.8 per centum in 2000 to 21.8 per cent in 2005 whereas that of natural gas declined from 77.0 per centum to 70.2 per cent. During this period the electricity transmittal system was further expanded with the completion of new transmittal undertakings associating coevals workss to the chief grids every bit good as supplying connexions to new industrial and commercial countries. Execution of the rural electrification programmed ( which now stands at 92.2 % ) benefited abodes in Sabah and Sarawak in peculiar. Peak demand for electricity was grown at an mean rate of 7.8 % per annum and reached 20,087 MW in 2010. Enterprises are being taken to further heighten the efficiency and viability of the public-service corporation companies and the independent power manufacturers enabling a decrease in the modesty border while bettering the security, dependability, quality and cost effectivity of supply to clients. The fuel mix for power coevals will chiefly consist coal and natural gas, with coal playing an progressively of import function. New coal based independent power manufacturer workss utilizing electrostatic p recipitators and a fuel gas desulphurization procedure will enable coal-based production to run into environmental criterions. In add-on, as portion of attempts to advance the optimum use of municipal waste for electricity coevals, a pilot undertaking on waste-to-energy is being implemented in Peninsular Malaysia. When Malaysia formulated its first energy policy, concern over efficient use of energy and the demand for energy development to take history of environmental issues were cardinal. These concerns were driven by the oil crises of 1973 and 1978 and the implicit in issue was the demand to guarantee equal and dependable supplies of energy. The Energy Policy of 1979, the National Depletion Policy of 1980 and the Four Fuel Diversification Policy of 1981, have provided the model for the development of energy supply. The chief push of the energy policy works within a model of three wide policy aims ; supply, use and environment aims. These policy aims are instrumental in steering the preparation of the Malaysia five twelvemonth development programs. Since so the focal point in the energy sector has shifted to the sustainable development of non-renewable resources and the variegation of energy beginnings. The Four Fuel Diversification Policy identified the state ‘s preferable energy mix as oil, natural gas, coal and hydro power. In 2001, Government articulated the Five Fuel Policy, adding renewable resources and associating this to sustainability and efficiency.2.1.3 Status of Renewable Energy Utilization2.1.3.1 Biomass EnergyBiomass is all the Earth ‘s life affair, dwelling of stuffs produced by photosynthesis or organic byproducts from a waste watercourse. Therefore it is a signifier of stored solar energy. It includes a broad assortment of organic wastes and residues, typically from the agricultural sector, forestry, nutrient processing sector, carnal manures, sewerage and municipal solid wastes. In photosynthesis, turning workss organize energy and O by capturing sunshine, H2O and C dioxide from its milieus. The energy may so be released either by burning of the solid fuel or by transition into liquid fuels such as methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol or biogas which chiefly consists of methane and C dioxide. This sort of utile energy produced from biomass is called bio energy. Biomass is an appealing energy beginning because it does non bring forth CO2 emanations merely because when it is converted into utile energy, it will breathe the CO2 it originally absorbed during photosynthesis. Biomass power workss exist in over 50 states around the universe and are no uncertainty a major energy supplier for many states throughout the universe. It accounts to about a 3rd of entire primary energy ingestion in the development states. Even for industrialised states, the energy part from biomass can be important. The states that derive the larger proportion of entire primary energy from combustible renewable and waste are Finland ( 20 % ) , Austria ( 7 % ) and Germany ( 5 % ) [ 8 ] .2.1.3.2 Solar EnergyEnergy that can be straight generated from the Sun is fundamentally divided into two classs ; solar thermal and solar photovoltaic ( PV ) . In solar thermal, it can be in a signifier of active solar warming where the energy from the Sun is collected with either flat-plate or evacuated tube aggregators and is used for domestic hot H2O or swimming pool warming. Alternatively, it can be inactive solar warming that uses air to go around collected energy in edifices to cut down the en ergy required for warming of habitable infinites. For bring forthing electricity straight from the sunshine, there are two chief ways ; solar thermic electricity and solar PV cells [ 9 ] . Solar thermic electricity dressed ores sunlight utilizing a system of aggregators. The concentrated sunshine so heats the H2O to sufficiently high temperatures to turn a steam turbine and hence generate electricity. Solar PV cells use a particular surface that emits negatrons when exposed to visible radiation. The traveling negatrons produce a DC current that can be passed through an inverter to bring forth jumping current.2.1.3.3 Wind EnergyWind power is the transition of air current energy into utile signifier, such as electricity, utilizing air current turbines. Most modern air current power is generated in the signifier of electricity by change overing the rotary motion of turbine blades into electrical currents by agencies of an electrical generator. Wind power is used in big graduated table air current farms for national electrical grids eve ry bit good as in little single turbines for supplying electricity to rural abodes or grid-isolated locations. Wind engineering is the fastest turning engineering in the universe, turning at over 32 % on mean yearly [ 8 ] . At the terminal of 2009, planetary installed capacity was 157,899 MW of which Asia acquires 24.6 % . China leads the list with entire installed capacity of 25,104 MW to day of the month. India runs 2nd with 10,926 MW followed by Japan with 2,056 MW and Taiwan sits in 4th with coevals of 436 MW [ 10 ] .2.1.3.4 HydropowerHydroelectricity is a well-established engineering, and the first renewable engineering to be developed. It is already a major subscriber to universe energy supplies, and provides one sixth of the universes one-year electrical end product and over 90 % of electricity from renewable [ 7 ] . Hydroelectricity eliminates the fuel gas emanations from fossil fuel burning, including pollutants such as S dioxide, azotic oxide, C monoxide, dust, and quicksilver in the coal. Hydroelectricity besides avoids the jeopardies of coal excavation and the indirect wellness effects of coal-burning. Compared to atomic power, hydroelectricity generates no atomic waste, has none of the dangers associated with U excavation, nor atomic leaks. Unlike U, hydroelectricity is besides a renewable energy beginning. Compared to weave farms, hydroelectricity power workss have a more predictable burden factor. If the undertaking has a storage reservoir, it can be dispatched to bring forth power when needed. Hydroelectric power workss can be easy regulated to follow fluctuations in power demand. Unlike fossil-fuelled burning turbines, building of a hydroelectric works requires a long lead-time for site surveies, hydrological surveies, and environmental impact appraisal. Hydrological data up to 50 old ages or more is normally required to find the best sites and runing governments for a big hydroelectric works. Unlike workss operated by fuel, such as dodo or atomic energy, the figure of sites that can be economically developed for hydroelectric production is limited ; in many countries the most cost effectual sites have already been exploited.2.2 Future Developments2.2.1 Energy GrowthThe Malayan economic system coming out of the recent economic downswing ( 1997- 2000 ) in the ASEAN part, coupled with a positive mentality of the Malayan economic system in the medium term, means that future demand for electricity is expected to increase significantly. In the following old ages, the demand is forecasted to turn at an mean rate of 6-8 % per annum. Furthermore, Malaysia ‘s pe ak demand is forecast to 21052 MW in 2010 for the Peninsular entirely [ 18 ] . In the twelvemonth 2010 it was anticipated that the fuel mix in Peninsular Malaysia were 58 % oil and gas, 33 % coal and the remainder hydro and other renewable beginnings of energy [ 18 ] . This was non come without an environmental cost since the focal point is on coal and gas to provide the future demand for power. Extra coal and gas-fired generators ( 10 GW in entire ) will breathe an extra 31 million metric tons CO2 ( coal ) and about 8 million metric tons CO2 ( gas ) per twelvemonth. The entire electricity demand growing in Malaysia was about 5.8 % in 2002/2003. The growing in electricity demand was driven more or less every bit among residential, commercial and industrial sectors. In footings of demand, about all sectors exhibited growing in their ingestion of energy in 2003, with industrial demand driven by a growing in the fabrication and building sectors. Supply growing was driven by three major factors: Commissioning of new power workss, ensuing in an addition of installed capacity Greater imports of coal for power workss Completion of the State Petroleum Company ‘s ( PETRONAS ) Liquid Natural Gas works ( MLNG3 ) , built in Bintulu to back up higher demand for LNG.2.2.2 Malaysia ‘s Energy PoliciesEnergy has contributed significantly towards the rapid growing of the Malayan economic system. Today, approximately 80 % of Malaysia ‘s entire population lives in Peninsular Malaysia, the hub of the state ‘s economic activities. As Malaysia progresses towards going a developed state, energy ingestion will correspondingly addition. In run intoing increasing energy demand, concerted attempts have been undertaken to guarantee greater security and sustainability of energy supply. Consumption of energy nevertheless produces some unwanted impacts on the environment and clime. Hence, sustainable usage of energy is being given attending in Malaysia. Malaysia energy policy came in the 70 ‘s, a clip of lifting petroleum oil monetary values and find of new oil beginnings in the Peninsular Malaysia. A Petroleum Development Act ( PDA ) was enacted in 1974 and followed by the National Petroleum Policy in 1975. However, a more comprehensive national policy on energy came in 1979. This National Energy Policy contains three principal policy aims to steer future energy policy sector development. They are as follows: Energy Supply: Assurance of equal energy supply through the decrease of the dependance on oil, and through the development and use of alternate beginnings of energy. Energy Use: Promotion and encouragement of the efficient usage of energy and the riddance of uneconomical and non-productive forms of energy ingestion. Environmental Conservation: Minimization of environmental debasement in recognizing the supply and use aims. In relation to the dependability and security of energy supply, Four-Fuel Diversification Policy was introduced in 1981, concentrating on four chief beginnings of fuel, viz. oil, hydro, gas and coal which was besides aimed to cut down the dependence on oil in the energy ingestion, peculiarly in the power sector. This policy is so expended in the twelvemonth 2005 to include renewable energy ( RE ) as the fifth fuel to supplement energy supply from conventional energy resources.2.3 Renewable Energy Programs and Incentives2.3.1 Small Renewable Energy Power ( SREP )To ease the execution of RE undertakings, a SREP was implemented on 11th May 2001 by the authorities to promote and escalate the use of renewable energy in power coevals. A SREP undertaking can be more than 10 MW in size, but the maximal capacity that will be allowed for power export to the distribution grid must non be more than 10 MW. Under SREP, the use of all types of RE, including biomass, biogas, municipal waste, solar, mini-hydro and air current, are allowed. As in 2010, 43 undertakings with mark capacity of 286.15MW have been approved by the authorities utilizing assorted types of renewable energy ( Fig 2.3 ) , with the most approaching from biomass and mini hydro. However, merely ten 10 undertakings are presently in operation with a entire capacity of 56.7MW. Figure 2.3: Status and Potential SREP Projects in Malaysia Under SREP, the old Renewable Energy Power Purchase Agreement ( REPPA ) selling monetary value agreed upon by the National Power Utility ( TNB ) for all RE grid connected undertakings, ranged from 14-17 cent/kWh ( US4.6 cents/kWh ) . However, the electricity duty of 17 cent/kWh ( US5. 6 cents/kWh ) seems non to supply high adequate rate of return to pull investors or undertaking developers given the size of the undertaking under SREP. Consequently, the Government has increased the electricity duty for biomass and biogas undertakings to 19 cent/kWh ( US6.2 cents/kWh ) in September 2006 and later the monetary value has been adjusted to 21 cent/kWh ( US6.9 cents/kWh ) effectual August 2007. However, the monetary value for other RE resources such as Hydro and Solar remain at 17 cent/kWh. The addition in duty is expected to escalate farther the SREP undertaking development.2.3.1.1 Progress SREP ProjectSeveral RE undertakings approved between the old ages 2007 to 2008 hold made important a dvancement. These undertakings will provide a sum of 65.75 MW when they are connected to the electricity grid by the terminal of 2010. It is deserving observing that these undertakings have progressed over a period during which alterations were made to the cardinal elements of the SREP Program – viz. an addition in the monetary value of electricity sold to the public-service corporation by RE manufacturers, and the standardisation of REPPA to cut down the dialogue clip period ( or the demand to flush negotiate ) for RE capacity below 2 MW. These alterations addressed the two factors that were found by the 2006 survey to hold impeded the execution of SREP approved undertakings.2.3.2 Biomass Power Generation & A ; Demonstration Project ( BioGen )Biomass Power Generation and Demonstration ( BioGen ) Undertaking was so introduced in October 2002 with the ultimate aim to advance and show biomass and biogas grid-connected power coevals undertakings and cut down the growing rate of GHG emanations from fossil fuel by using extra oil thenar biomass residues. BioGen facilitates development of the grid-connected biomass-fuelled little power systems, disseminates awareness information in palm oil industry, provides edifice and proficient aid in policy preparation, and fiscal installation aid through favourable bank loans and revenue enhancement freedom among others. Some of BioGen important undertakings include the first 14MW ( export 10 MW ) power works in Tawau, Sabah which uses oil thenar residues ( empty fruit clump, fibre and shell ) that successfully mitigate 40,000 50,000 dozenss of CO2 in 2004 and more late, a 46.2MW and 500 kW power workss are grid connected and commissioned in April 2009 and a sum of 700MW off-grid electricity has been produced by private thenar oil Millers.2.3.2.1 Progress BioGen ProjectTo day of the month, merely two all-out theoretical account undertakings have been implemented and scheduled for committee in early 2009 ( some 7 old age s after the beginning of the BioGen FSM Demonstration Project ) , viz. : MHES Asia ‘s 13 MW IPP running on biomass utilizing EFB as fuel FELDA Serting 500 kW power works utilizing biogas from palm oil factory wastewaters ( POME )2.3.3 Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic Project ( MBIPV )The MBIPV undertaking caters for the successful execution of GC-BIPV ( Grid Connected-BIPV ) installings in Malaysia under the UNDP/GEF supported Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic ( MBIPV ) Technology undertaking. The undertaking period coincides with the 9th Malaysia Plan period 2006 to 2010. The undertaking includes the development of appropriate, proactive and incorporate programs and policies that will make contributing environment for widespread acceptance of BIPV beyond the 9th Malaysia Plan period to work solar PV energy in Malaysia. The Undertaking aims to develop the model for a national BIPV plan for the tenth Malayan Plan ( 2011-2015 ) and beyond, supported with suited and customized mechanisms for local conditions to speed up the market development and heighten the development of the PV industry in the country.A2.3.4 SURIA 1000Suria 1000, a national plan to promote the acceptance of solar energy, was introduced during the gap ceremonial of the International Energy Conference for Sustainable Asia on 27th November 2006. One of the major enterprises under the UNDP-supported Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic ( BIPV ) Project, Suria 1000 targets the installing of solar cells at places and offices.