Anti-terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hostile to psychological warfare - Essay Example We are here. Address us. Hear us out. Mention to us what you think and why. The steady loss of human rights by the administration strategy slanted to battle psychological warfare created over decades comparable to the contention in Northern Ireland, and this was given reestablished stimulus by the UK's activities because of the assaults in the USA on 11 September 2001.Then came the occasions of 7 and 21 July 2005 in London and its rural areas, when a progression of blasts shook a systematic morning in London. Since the time the 11 September 2001 fiasco, the UK specialists have passed a progression of new laws, despite the fact that the UK previously had probably the hardest hostile to fear mongering laws in Europe. These laws contain clearing arrangements that repudiate human rights law, and their usage has prompted genuine maltreatment of human rights. The shooting and killing of a guiltless man with no attempt at being subtle by cops is an obvious token of the lawfulness in the UK today. Individuals associated with inclusion in psychological warfare who have been kept in the UK under the new laws have ended up in a Kafkaesque world. They have been held for quite a long time in brutal conditions based on mystery allegations that they are not permitted to know and along these lines can't invalidate. After the occasions of 7 and 21 July 2005 in London, increasingly draconian measures were proposed. These incorporated another Terrorism Bill as of now before Parliament. A portion of its generally clearing and ambiguous arrangements, whenever ordered, would subvert the rights to opportunity of articulation, affiliation, freedom and reasonable preliminary (United Kingdom, Human Rights: a wrecked guarantee, amnesty.org, alluded on 15.04.2006).1 2.0 Anti Terrorism Provisions In 1974 when the Irish Troubles again erupted, the UK government reacted with a Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA). The PTA made it an offense for any person to have a place with a restricted gathering and contained exceptional forces of capture and confinement. After 9/11, in any case, the Terrorism Act (TA) was hurriedly enlarged by Parliament as the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act (ATCSA) in 2001. ATCSA made further arrangement for managing psychological warfare by freezing fear monger claimed assets and property, unveiling of data, stop weapons of mass obliteration, and improving police powers. Parliament presented another system called Control Orders under PTA of 2005.Under this enactment the Home Secretary can, subject to legal oversight, make orders which place a wide scope of limitations on the rights and opportunities of people associated with being engaged with psychological militant related exercises. Any person inside the UK, including

Stomach Cancer Essays

Stomach Cancer Essays Stomach Cancer Essay Stomach Cancer Essay The human body is a mind boggling framework that must be completely comprehended by us. It houses all the frameworks fundamental forever. Every framework works conditionally with one another to continue life. To gain ideal body working, there ought to be a sound connection between the frameworks in our body.  Stomach, being a piece of the stomach related framework, holds a basic job in our body.  Like the various organs in the human body, a few adjustments have been recorded that are viewed as danger to the human wellbeing. One of these is stomach disease or also called gastric malignant growth. So as to comprehend what gastric is, it is basic to decide first the anatomical and physiological structure of the stomach. This paper looks to address the accompanying inquiries: 1.â â â â â What is a stomach? 2.â â â â â What is stomach malignancy? 3.â â â â â What causes stomach malignant growth? 4.â â â â â Is stomach malignancy brought about by an individual’s hereditary make up? 5.â â â â â Is stomach disease brought about by an individual’s ecological variables? 6.â â â â â How is stomach malignant growth analyzed? 7.â â â â â What are the current medicines for stomach malignant growth? 8.â â â â â To which sexual orientation is stomach malignant growth generally predominant? 9.â â â â â To which race is stomach malignant growth generally predominant? The stomach is an expandable sack found generally under the left lung, between the strong stomach which pushes up the lung, and the wound small digestive system. The stomach is shut by significant organs in the mid-region. To one side of the stomach is the liver, to its lower left is the spleen, and underneath it is the pancreas. The throat enters the stomach at the gastro-esophageal intersection, while the small digestive system exits it at the lowermost antrum. The front of the stomach lays on the stomach divider, and lower portions of it additionally contact the upper left kidney and transverse colon. The significant regions of the stomach itself are the more prominent ebb and flow, the lesser ebb and flow, the fundus and the cardia. The stomach has a fragile internal coating, comprised of columnar epithelial cells, and corrosive discharging cells called parietal cells. The synthetic substances that secure this covering are called prostaglandins. The stomach has an amazing blood gracefully, chiefly from the celiac vein which falls off of the principle course, the aorta. There is additionally venous waste of blood to the spleen and liver. An auxiliary waste framework, called the lymph framework, channels the blood in regularly pea-sized lymph hubs. These are associated with lymphatics in other stomach regions by lymph channels. Lymph hubs are loaded with white platelets that help cleanse the blood serum; lymph hubs frequently broaden when they identify spread of ailments. The fact of the matter is that the stomachs rich blood flexibly and numerous seepage ways can go about as channels for spread of diseases or malignant growths. The principle reason for the stomach is assimilation of nourishments. Stomach related procedure starts with the spit in the mouth. In our eating routine, the stomach actuates Vitamin B12, secretes hydrochloric corrosive to separate food, and stirs the food into mash. It can likewise straightforwardly assimilate substances like liquor and caffeine. The stomach is helpless to an expansion in the centralization of hydrochloric corrosive welcomed on by pressure, certain nourishments, and the impacts of tobacco smoke. While the stomach is ordinarily secured against its own corrosive by an inward layer, breakdown of this film prompts aggravation of the stomach, called gastritis.  An region that loses its layer is additionally in danger to get a genuine opening, called a ulcer. A ulcer might be shallow, and mend rapidly, or it might be profound and even puncture the external stomach divider. Puncturing is a careful crisis. Luckily, there are numerous prescriptions now accessible which hel p decrease stomach corrosive focus such asâ Zantac, Pepcid and Tagamet, helping ulcers mend and forestalling development of new ones. Likewise, relieving protectants, for example, Carafate and even fake prostaglandins can be given. These prescriptions are regularly given preventively when the body is under extraordinary pressure, for example, after significant medical procedure. While most stomach issues are minor ones, for example, a mellow infection or heartburn, at times genuine malady strikes the stomach. The stomach is made out of different cells, which are complicatedly joined together into tissues which structure the organ. These phones gap to deliver new ones, and become quickly during belly life, youth and adolescence. In adulthood, new cells are delivered distinctly to supplant those that kick the bucket of mature age, injury or sickness. Regularly, division of cells is under extremely close control. This control is applied by the qualities inside every cell, which are housed in long clusters framing chromosomes, which are obvious under a light magnifying instrument. The qualities themselves are comprised of DNA, the ace hereditary code material. In the event that the qualities are harmed, state by synthetic compounds or radiation, the authority over cell division might be lost in one specific cell. At last, malignancy is viewed as a sickness of the DNA. Stomach malignancy begins in a solitary lung cell. That cell begins partitioning randomly, making millions and billions of dup licates of itself. It takes up the sustenance required by different cells, denying them so the disease can keep on developing. Rapidly developing cells can bunch up to frame a tumor. A tumor just methods a growing; it tends to be brought about by irritation or disease. A favorable tumor just develops in its neighborhood can't spread and isn't malignant growth. On the other hand, a tumor which can spread to other body zones is called harmful and this is malignancy. The procedure of disease spread to different zones is called metastasis, so just dangerous tumors, for example, malignancy can metastasize. Hypothetically, malignant growth can spread to any region of the body, and it regularly develops better in its region of spread than in its zone of birthplace. It is this limit with respect to spread that makes malignancy so perilous. If not rewarded effectively, it at last murders by debility, weakness, contamination, and bargain of typical body capacities. The body is comprised of numerous kinds of cells. Typically, cells develop, gap and die. Sometimes, cells transform and start to develop and isolate more rapidly than ordinary cells. Rather than passing on, these strange cells bunch together to shape tumors. In the event that these tumors are destructive they can attack and slaughter your bodys sound tissues. From these tumors, malignancy cells can spread and structure new tumors in different pieces of the body. On the other hand, favorable tumors don't spread to different pieces of the body. Stomach malignancy, likewise called gastric disease is the development of disease cells in the coating and mass of the stomach. There are 85% instances of gastric malignant growth which are  adenocarcinomas that happen in the covering of the stomach. Roughly 40% of cases create in the lower some portion of the stomach (pylorus); 40% create in the center part (body); and 15% create in the upper part (cardia). In about 10% of cases, malignant growth creates in more than one piece of the organ. Stomach malignancy can spread or metastasize to the throat or the small digestive tract, and can reach out through the stomach divider to close by lymph hubs and organs, for example, liver, pancreas, and colon. It additionally can metastasize to different pieces of the body explicitly the lungs, ovaries, bones. The American Cancer Society appraises that in 2006, around 22,280 new instances of gastric malignancy will be analyzed in the United States and that around 11,430 individuals will bite the dust of the sickness. A great many people determined to have stomach malignancy are in their 60s and 70s. Most of these individuals who are determined to have gastric malignancy are more than the age of 65.  Stomach malignant growth is the subsequent driving reason for disease related passings. Carcinoma of the stomach is the most widely recognized type of gastric neoplasm and records for about 2.6% of all malignancy passings (Cancer Facts and Figures, 1991). Stomach malignant growth has diminished 5-overlap in the U.S.A. in the course of recent years. It is progressively regular in guys, amazingly uncommon in youngsters, and the normal patient is 55 years of age. The reason for stomach malignant growth is obscure, yet there are sure inclining factors perceived. Hereditary elements appear to be significant, since gastric malignant growth is increasingly basic in people with blood bunch A. Geographic of ecological elements seem, by all accounts, to be significant since gastric disease is basic in Japan, China, Chile and Iceland. The frequency rate in Japan is one of the most elevated on the planet. There are contemplates that demonstrated that Japanese settlers to the United States have a frequency rate practically identical to that of different Americans. Hereditary or genetic hazard factors incorporate innate nonpolyposis colon disease (HNPCC) disorder and Li-Fraumeni condition which are conditions that bring about an inclination to malignant growth. Individuals with type A blood likewise have an expanded hazard for stomach malignancy. Ailments that expansion the hazard for the illness incorporate malignant pallor which results from a nutrient B-12 lack, constant aggravation of the stomach or also called atrophic gastritis and intestinal polyps. The most significant natural variables in the reason for gastric malignant growth are (1) salt added to food; (2) food added substances, for example, nitrates, in cured or salted nourishments, for example, bacon; and (3) food factors in water and vegetables, for example, Vitamin C. Dietary salt upgrades the transformation of nitrates to cancer-causing nitrosamines in the stomach. Salt is likewise scathing to the stomach and can cause incessant atrophic gastritis. At long last, hypertonic salt arrangements defer gastric discharging. Deferred exhausting builds the time during which cancer-causing nitrosamines can apply their consequences for the stomach mucosa. The digestion of nitrates and nitrites is mind boggling. Nitrates interface with amino acids in the stomach to frame nitrosamines. The change of those cancer-causing nitrosamines is upgraded at a low PH by iodides and thiocyanate

Horrific images Essay Example For Students

Horrendous pictures Essay In Stanza two, the activity centers around exclusive who couldnt get his gas cap on in time. Lines 12-14 comprise of an amazing submerged analogy, with surrendering to harm gas being contrasted with suffocating in a green sea(14). Floundring(12) is the thing that theyre previously doing (in the mud) however here it takes on increasingly grisly ramifications as Owen brings himself into the activity through seeing his companion kicking the bucket in distress. From straight depiction Owen thinks once again from another point of view in the light of a repetitive bad dream. Those frequenting flares(3) in verse one foreshadowed an increasingly awful frequenting in which a companion, passing on, plunges at me(16) before my vulnerable sight(15), a picture Owen won't overlook. Owen encounters a sentiment of anguished duty (Kerr, p.41). The face was his very own projection creative mind and implicit inclinations, exciting blame, dread, and vulnerability (Kerr, p.226). Another angle again stamps Stanza four. Owen assaults those individuals at home who maintain the wars continuation uninformed of its real factors. On the off chance that lone they may encounter Owens own covering dreams(17) which reproduce in little measure the casualties sufferings. Those sufferings Owen proceeds to depict in sickening detail. One can nearly feel the frenzy that makes a perishing man be flung(18) into a wagon, the writhing(19) that means a particularly destructive sort of torment. Hellfire appears to be close within reach with the defiled metaphor like a fallen angels tired of sin(20). At that point that jolt(21) heightens the anguish. Path is incredulous of this last refrain; he feels feeling of disquiet at the tenacious accumulating of terrible pictures A few tongues were definitely not innocent(24) in Owens feeling. His intrigue to my friend(25) is without a doubt unexpected, whose received statement of faith, the pleasantness of kicking the bucket for ones nation he reproves as a falsehood, which kids ought to never be presented to, similarly as the gas ought to never be presented to the youngsters, some of them kids in their own right. There is just a single counteractant to toxin and franticness. The warriors body is destroyed, his lungs foam debased, due to the falsehoods he has enthusiastically soaked up. The best way to stop the destruction of endless bodies is by halting debasement at its verbal source, the old untruth, which is the reason the genuine writer must be honest. (Kerr, p.97) In the meaning of a mirror in the presentation, one catchphrase was loyally. A point that ought to be made about the verse going about as a mirror and mirrors all in all is that everything relies upon the individual, culture orhttp://www.sitesofconscience.org/country investigating the mirror. The impression of the mirror can be deciphered from various perspectives. Thus the essentialness of the sonnet may not be a devoted end, however one that is available to conversation. The words on the page don't change and the picture in the mirror is consistent, it is the peruser and the person who goes to the mirror and the sonnet with their own thoughts and encounters that shapes the feeling of a sonnet. Despite the fact that the verse may make a mirror that doesn't lie, it is the way of life or nations that must choose if they need to consider what the importance of the sonnet is. Would they like to change in the light of the disclosure that verse has the ability to make? It is the duty of the specialists; for this situation the writers to introduce reality from their perspective. Anyway the more prominent weight lies upon the peruser or general society. They should examine the sonnets, while right off the bat remembering the inclinations of the artist and besides understanding that they also have an inclination and are emotional. At exactly that point would they be able to arrive at an objectivity and at exactly that point would they be able to achieve a type of truth, which is the main role of a mirror. .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .postImageUrl , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:hover , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:visited , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:active { border:0!important; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:active , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:hover { haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua604cd7763 31f226cd58e13846babeae .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: East fields by Gillian Clarke EssayWorks Cited:â http://www.sitesofconscience.org/en/home/

Critical Theory Today - Critical Analysis Paper Research

Basic Theory Today - Critical Analysis - Research Paper Example Subsequently every individual has a distinction story to advise particularly in the event that we have a place with various gatherings. The motivation behind why bunch participation is critical to Delgado is on the grounds that basically two sorts of gatherings exist, the In-Group and the Out-Group. The In-bunch is approximately characterized as standard society yet more significantly, the in-bunch is the gathering in power and the gathering that manages everything. Therefore, the out-bunch is the gathering that is minimized from standard society just as the gathering that faces the brunt of social segregation and is frequently liable to examples of social authority and persecution (Crenshaw et al.). Delgado’s take a shot at the Homo-Narran was an enormous accomplishment for basic race scholar as well as postmodernist also. He characterized how people follow up on others. While postmodernist such a Foucault accepts, that we follow up on belief systems, Delgado characterized wh ere philosophies create and in this manner how we deconstruct them (Crenshaw et al.). This kind of social delineation is found in current America today, as the media depicts the limits of the in-bunch through its admiration of â€Å"what is cool†. This implies people who do fit the standards of cool are underestimated and pushed to the limits of the social circle. To sum up the fundamental ideas or Critical race hypothesis, there are three primary attributes. To begin with, that bigotry is normal, not aberrational (â€Å"normal science†), the standard way society works, the continuous, regular experience of the vast majority of shading (Crenshaw et al.). Second, most would agree that our arrangement of white-over-shading authority fills significant needs, both mental and material. The main element, commonness, implies that prejudice is hard to fix or change. Partially blind, or â€Å"formal†, originations of fairness, communicated in decides that demand just on treatment that is the equivalent no matter how you look at it would thus be able to cure just the most barefaced types of segregation, for example, contract redlining or the refusal to employ a dark Ph.D. as opposed to a white secondary school dropout (Crenshaw et al.). The subsequent component, at times called â€Å"interest convergence† or â€Å"material determinism†, includes a further measurement. Since prejudice propels the interests of both white elites and common laborers individuals, enormous sections of society have minimal impetus to kill it. Consider Derrick Bell’s suggestion that Brown v. Leading body of Education, thought about an extraordinary triumph of social liberties suit, may have come about additional from the personal circumstance of first class whites than a longing to help blacks (Crenshaw et al.). In conclusion, the third subject of basic race hypothesis, the â€Å"social construction† proposition, holds that race and races are res ults of social idea and relations. Not objective, inborn, or fixed, they compare to no organic or hereditary reality; rather, races are classifications that society imagines, controls, or resigns when advantageous. Individuals with basic sources share certain physical characteristics,

Essay Topics on Human Trafficking

Essay Topics on Human TraffickingArgumentative essay topics on human trafficking are used by many students in their college education program to research and write their essay. These topics can include legal issues surrounding human trafficking, the problem of sex trafficking, the influence of pornography and media on the behavior of human traffickers, etc. A number of good essay topics for the essay topics on human trafficking are discussed below.The first thing that most students do is research law and facts related to the topic of the essay. Some of the best places to find good essays with argumentative topics on human trafficking are the law libraries, online and in the newspaper. They should be well researched essays that explain the legal problems that arise from the problem of human trafficking. This can be done by putting a lot of effort in researching and understanding the law of human trafficking.Another place where good essays are available with the argumentative topics on human trafficking is through discussions with students who have undergone a Human Trafficking Training Program. You can research on the Internet and find many discussions on the topic of human trafficking at several universities around the world. There are also discussion groups where you can get in touch with other students who have undergone such training programs.Another place where you can get good essays on human trafficking is through the newspaper. There are many published articles on the topic of human trafficking. It would be a good idea to submit your essay in these papers so that you can make sure that it is included in the regular articles. Many online sites also publish short-form and article about human trafficking, some of which can be a good base for your essay.The Internet is another good place where you can find essay topics on human trafficking. There are forums, discussion groups and blogs where you can get the details on this topic, which can be very useful whe n you want to get ideas from people who have had experience with the subject matter.Argumentative essay topics on human trafficking can also be found in the online books in the topic area of Law and Human Rights. The writers of these books may not be able to include the controversial material in their books, but they may provide you with useful information. Also there are articles that you can find on the Internet and in print about human trafficking.For your discussion paper on human trafficking you can get the right sources and research about this topic from other students or from organizations that deal with the topic. Human trafficking has been a very sensitive issue globally and you can get access to various sources of information in this regard.In conclusion, there are many ways in which you can write good arguments on human trafficking. It is a sensitive subject but with the right amount of research and writing skills you can win the argument and win the debate on this subjec t.

History Essay Topics on Benjamin Franklin

History Essay Topics on Benjamin FranklinA simple History Essay may be a simple review of a few selected primary sources or it may be a full-fledged course of study on Benjamin Franklin. In either case, it is important to know which historical essay topics on Benjamin Franklin you should focus on.People who are students of history and have taken even a single History Essay will likely have at least one course on Benjamin Franklin in their course curriculum. But which one? This is especially true if you are writing an essay for a class such as Modern American History.A brief overview is usually sufficient for most students, but if you really want to make sure you get everything right, then you should definitely read more books. The same goes for your professor or lecturer. Even if they are a little difficult to understand, it would be best to keep an eye out for the history book selections that might be helpful to you.Of course, the first thing that you need to do is narrow down the t opics that you need to cover when it comes to your history essay topics on Benjamin Franklin. Fortunately, this will only take a little bit of effort. Here are a few of the things that you can do:First of all, think about whether you have a common interest in your topic. If you are assigned to write an essay on the life of Benjamin Franklin, is there something about his life that might interest you? Are there any things about him that you particularly like? Chances are, if there is something that interests you, then it is possible that your instructor or school library will have a book on Franklin that you can read.Essays on history generally deal with the lives of individuals. So, it might not be that surprising that you will enjoy reading about Franklin. However, if there is no book on Franklin that you find interesting, then perhaps a second option for history essay topics on Benjamin Franklin might be to look online for more information.In addition to newspapers and magazines, y ou will also find many resources that are devoted to English-speaking countries. There are books that you can purchase in order to supplement your reading on Franklin. You can also search through the internet for free eBooks, which might offer a good introduction to Franklin or another American Founding Father. Even a little research on the internet could help you decide what to focus on when writing a history essay.So, while you may be concerned about your essay topics on Benjamin Franklin, it is important to remember that the key to writing an essay on the life of Franklin would probably lie in your own interest. It is possible that your professor or teacher might provide you with more information about Franklin, but the first step would be to find the resources that you can use to learn more about this man.

The Modern Day Sports Cars - 1538 Words

Harry was going to a car track with his father ; he didn’t really care about cars. His philosophy in cars was to get from point A to point B. what his father always said â€Å" Forget that, there are way more to cars then point A to B.† Harry wondered for a little and then asked, â€Å" If so, prove it to me.† Harry’s father then said, â€Å" Well there s the engine, exhaust, aerodynamics, brakes, and lots more.† Harry then tells his dad to be quiet and he’ll study it himself latter. With his research he found out lots more about cars but questioned why the classic cars looked nicer but weren t as fast as the modern day sports cars; this is what he found. Although classic cars are nice and were very fast at the time, the sports cars today are faster†¦show more content†¦The torque of the car is the power of turning, like a wrench; torque is what gets the car to the speed needed as quick as it can. The 280z has 163 ft†¢lbf amount of torque. Now that we move to the new sports car, it’s in the same family with the 280z. The Nissan 2014 370z( FairladyZ Z34) is 38 years younger than the 280 and much faster than the 280z. With a 3.7 liter 6 cylinder engine. The horsepower of the 370z is 322 horsepower this is a lot more than what the 280z pushes out about two times the power of the 280z. It weighs about 3,232 pounds, even though it weighs more than the 280z it is still faster because the engine is a lot bigger and more power is made baking it even out to what the car weighs. The torque on the 270z is 269 ft†¢lbf making it much stronger to get to the speed wanted; this is a reason why it goes faster than the 280z. Another reason is that the body is more aerodynamically shaped then the 280z and that it is lower than the 280z. alot of people dont like lowered cars because it looks weird or it’s not logical. it might look weird for some cars but there is a logical reason and it is Le 3 that the lower you are the faster, this is because you get closer to the ground there is less air going under the car, it also lessen the center of gravity making you less of a risk of rolling over. Knowing a little about both of these cars, we can now talk about the similarities. The first similarity is that they are both made by the same companyShow MoreRelatedHistory of Drag Racing1784 Words   |  7 Pages1950s. Teens would rebuild their cars and â€Å"soup them up† to show off their mechanical skills. The most objective way to prove whos was better was the standing-start race of two cars over an identical short distance (amhistory.si.edu). The famous quarter mile distance was chosen merely because it was easy to measure on a straight stretch of road and because any farther distance would be unnecessarily dangerous. Many of the cars they raced were, â€Å"worked-over old cars that could hit nearly 100 mph inRead MoreNASCAR and the Temperance Movement Essay603 Words   |  3 Pagesresearching is NASCAR. NASCAR is which a multibillion dollar industry they race 1500 races a year in 39 states and 100 tracks. NASCAR is the 2nd most watched sport in the United States. The major race series they are the sprint cup series, nationwide series, and the camping world truck series. NASCAR is the largest sanctioning body of stock car racing in the United States. NASCAR headquarters are located in Daytona Beach Florida. The temperance movement is what started the prohibition. 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Al capone, the most notorious mobster in that day and age, he was a beacon for criminal and illegal activities. His crime schemes were built upon the drug scene and alcohol smuggling. Smuggling was a huge problem then due to the fact that the police do not focus on investigating these operations asRead MoreThe Impact Of Nascar On American Sports Culture And Socio Economic Activities1750 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of NASCAR in the American sports culture and socio-economic activities National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) is an imagined community that promoted nationalism in the US. Anderson Benedict categorically presented insightful information about the imagined communities through his numerous pieces of writing. He noted that the imagined communities promoted social integration, sporting activities among the US people, economic growth and cultural practices that include a new

Project Management Institute A Project - 1539 Words

As stated by to the Project Management Institute, â€Å"A project is a temporary process which has a predetermined beginning and end according to the requirement, and therefore has a set of defined scope and resources. A project is unique as it is not a routine operation. It is rather a specific set of procedures and processes designed to accomplish the targeted goal† (Project Management institute, n.d.). A project is not a continuous or a permanent job which needs continuous work put into it. It is, therefore, different and separated from the daily operation of a company. Since a project is an undertaking of a company to attain some special assignments and tasks, it can be of different financial and operational sizes. Some projects can†¦show more content†¦A project team generally consists of people from different departments and backgrounds who are chosen by the project manager and/or senior management for the project’s successful completion. The proje ct manager, therefore, needs to be someone who has a variety of key soft skills and hard skills to lead the project with the help of the project team and complete it within the allocated time and budget. It is very important for a project manager to have a planned route to follow each step of the project. â€Å"By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail† (Benjamin Franklin, n.d.). This saying by Benjamin Franklin should be the key mantra for every project manager. Lack of planning and preparation means a lack of planned route for the project team to follow. This is a perfect recipe for the failure of a project. Therefore, planning and preparing for every step of the project is very important. A planned project has a life cycle of its own. â€Å"Project life cycle is the series of phases that a project goes through from its initiation to its closure’ (Timothy J. Kloppenborg, 2014). Thus, a project has five phases – project initiation, project planning, project execution, project monitoring and control, and project closure. All of these five phases are very important for the successful completion of a project. Success of

The Internet Addiction Disorder - 1152 Words

An increasing problem streaming throughout the global society today is IAD or Internet Addiction Disorder. Our culture along with many others has been consumed with the ease and pleasure of shopping, gaming, and social networking through online portals to the point that it has become an overwhelming problem for some people. What Internet Addiction Disorder is exactly has been the topic of much debate and so has what makes internet addiction so addicting. IAD is a serious problem and is receiving attention from all over the world. Once we’ve learn to identify the problem how do we deal with it? As technology is becoming faster, better, and increasingly available, the need to study and understand matters corresponding to Internet Addiction†¦show more content†¦However, research on Internet Addiction Disorder is being pursued throughout the international community. Currently in China it is reported 13.7%, or about 10 million Chinese adolescent Internet users meet Interne t addiction diagnostic criteria. It has developed into such a major concern in China that in 2007 China began limiting computer game use; present-day laws now discourage more than 3 hours of daily game use (Block 307). In South Korea the average high school student spends 23 hours a week gaming. Numerous authorities have been growing concerned about the escalating number of individuals dropping out of school or work to spend time on computers. Over 1,043 counselors have been educated in the treatment of Internet addiction in South Korea, and over 190 hospitals and treatment centers have been enlisted. Also several preventive measures are now being introduced into their schools to help combat IAD. The dilemma is so serious in South Korea that a series of 10 cardiopulmonary-related deaths have occurred in Internet cafà ©s along with a game-related murder. According to a story in The New York Time, a South Korea couple’s life was ruined due to Internet Addiction. The couple met through an online chat site and were soon married. Soon after that, theyShow MoreRelatedIs Internet Addiction Disorder? Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pages Internet addiction disorder, more commonly called problematic Internet use, refers to excessive computer use which interferes with daily life. Internet overuse, problematic computer use, or pathological computer use, problematic Internet use, or Internet addiction disorder. In the most recent version of the DSM-5, Internet Gaming Disorder is the latest term to describe this problem. History IAD was originally proposed as a disorder in a satirical hoax by Ivan Goldberg, M.D., in 1995, althoughRead MoreInternet Addiction Disorder ( Iad )1623 Words   |  7 PagesHealth 100 11/16/2015 Internet Addiction Disorder The technology is growing strong every day. More and more people start to use smartphone, computer, etc. In addition, the main purpose of using smartphone, computer or any technology devices is to gain access to the Internet. Consequently, people started to be addictive to the Internet. Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) is the term to describe the massive using of Internet. IAD is similar with other addiction disorders such as gambling, sex,Read MoreEssay on Internet Addiction Disorder4686 Words   |  19 Pagesand more reliant on using the internet for their informational, academic, social, entertainment, organizational, and connectional needs. Along with all of the good that this has brought a new disorder is arising, internet addiction disorder. Although internet addiction disorder has not been added as of yet to the DSM hopes by the researchers are high that it will be added in the future editions. Much research has been done to understand the complexities of the disorder. Most of the research has beenRead MoreInternet Addiction Disorder - Short Essay707 Words   |  3 PagesInternet Addiction Disorder Computer and the Internet become useful tools in every day life. People are able to work on-line, chat, play games, or do their businesses. Although Internet brings many advantages it also carry a variety of dangers, including the possibility of addiction. Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) is a new kind of addiction, which manifests itself in an excessive computer use that usually collides with person’s daily life. The fundamental problem of IAD is not a computerRead More Internet Addiction and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder2122 Words   |  9 Pagesconvenience machines, and the internet. The internet is always expanding and encompassing more as time passes on. From its’ development to today, the internet is used for more than information gathering, such as playing video games, games, socializing via chatting, Skype, social networking sites, watching movies, and more. With so much to do on the internet, it can become time consuming and even become addictive to some, leading to excessive overuse or addiction. Internet addiction behaviors include â€Å"us[ing]Read MoreThe Effects Of Internet Addiction Disorder And Technological Tools1360 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Internet Addiction Disorder and Technological Tools. Problematic Internet Use The issue of Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) has become a topic of discussion for the newer generations exposed to technological tools (smartphones, tablets etc.). Considering the effectiveness of computer mediated communication (CMC) compared to the traditional face-to-face, there is a larger chance to become addicted to the internet since technological tools have been developed to be conveniently accessibleRead MoreEssay on Internet addiction1725 Words   |  7 PagesInternet and Video Game Addiction Internet addiction is a worldwide disorder that is oblivious to the technological age we live in. Since its inception in 1991 (Livingstone), the World Wide Web has only improved our quality of life. People don’t perceive online technology as a problem but as a solution to make our lives cheaper and efficient. As a working college student, my whole life is run on the internet. I use Facebook religiously to keep in-touch with my friends, I play Xbox Live to competeRead MoreInternet Addiction And Its Treatment1163 Words   |  5 Pagesra lians%20digital%20livesFinal%20pdf.pdf ACMA,. (2016). Excessive internet use | ACMA. Acma.gov.au. Retrieved 12 October 2016, from http://www.acma.gov.au/Citizen/Internet/esecurity/Staying-safe- online/excessive-internet-use Amichai-Hamburger, Y. Ben-Artzi, E. (2003). Loneliness and Internet use. Computers In Human Behavior, 19(1), 71-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00014-6 ArÄ ±soy, Ãâ€". (2009). Internet addiction and its treatment. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar- Current ApproachesRead MoreWhat is Internet Addiction?1202 Words   |  5 Pagesof technology is the internet. The World Wide Web (www) is part of almost everyone’s everyday life. In addition to the uses of computers, we can use our hand held devices to access the internet as well. The ability to have unlimited access to the internet from anywhere at any time has become the cause of a serious addiction that affects about one in every eight Americans; this addiction is referred to as Internet Addiction. Internet addiction is a compulsive behavioral disorder which affects the wayRead MoreIs Social Media Responsible For The Increase Of Mental Health Issues Among Young People?1696 Words   |  7 Pagesof being in situations where escape might be difficult. So one could argue that social media provides a lower pressure environment where at least the person is receiving some social interaction rather than none at all. Someone with social anxiety disorder is characterized as having a constant phobia of social situations in which they believe they will be embarrassing or humiliated. The advantage of social media is that unlike a face to face situation it allows the person to take time over what they

The Sociological Definition of Anomie

Anomie is a social condition in which there is a disintegration or disappearance of the  norms and values that were previously common to the society. The concept, thought of as â€Å"normlessness,† was developed by the founding sociologist,  Ãƒâ€°mile Durkheim. He discovered, through research, that anomie occurs during and follows periods of drastic and rapid changes to the social, economic, or political structures of society. It is, per Durkheims view, a transition phase wherein the values and norms common during one period are no longer valid, but new ones have not yet evolved to take their place. A Feeling of Disconnection People who lived during periods of anomie typically feel disconnected from their society because they no longer see the norms and values that they hold dear reflected in society itself. This leads to the feeling that one does not belong and is not meaningfully connected to others. For some, this may mean that the role they play (or played) and their identity is no longer valued by society. Because of this, anomie can foster the feeling that one lacks purpose, engender hopelessness, and encourage deviance and crime. Anomie According to Émile Durkheim Though the concept of anomie is most closely associated with Durkheims study of suicide, in fact, he first wrote about it in his 1893 book  The Division of Labor in Society.  In this book, Durkheim  wrote about an anomic division of labor, a phrase he used to describe a disordered division of labor  in which some groups no longer fit in, though they did in the past. Durkheim saw that this occurred as European societies industrialized and the nature of work changed along with the development of a more complex division of labor. He framed this as a clash between the mechanical solidarity of homogeneous,  traditional societies and the organic solidarity that keeps more complex societies together. According to Durkheim, anomie could not occur in the context of organic solidarity because this heterogeneous form of solidarity allows for the division of labor to evolve as needed, such that none are left out and all play a meaningful role. Anomic Suicide A few years later, Durkheim further elaborated his concept of anomie in his 1897 book,  Suicide: A Study in Sociology. He identified anomic suicide as a form of taking ones life that is motivated by the experience of anomie.  Durkheim found, through a study of suicide rates of Protestants and Catholics in nineteenth-century Europe, that the suicide rate was higher among Protestants. Understanding the different values of the two forms of Christianity, Durkheim theorized that this occurred because Protestant culture placed a higher value on individualism. This made Protestants less likely to develop close communal ties that might sustain them during times of emotional distress, which in turn made them more susceptible to suicide. Conversely, he reasoned that belonging to the Catholic faith provided greater social control and cohesion to a community, which would decrease the risk of anomie and anomic suicide. The sociological implication is that strong social ties help people and gr oups survive periods of change and tumult in society. Breakdown of Ties That Bind People Together Considering the whole of  Durkheims writing on anomie, one can see that he saw it as a breakdown of the ties that bind people together to make a functional society, a state of social derangement. Periods of anomie are unstable, chaotic, and often rife with conflict because the social force of the norms and values that otherwise provide stability is weakened or missing. Mertons Theory of Anomie and Deviance Durkheims theory of anomie proved influential to American sociologist Robert K. Merton, who pioneered the sociology of deviance and is considered one of the most influential sociologists in the United States. Building on Durkheims theory that anomie is a social condition in which peoples norms and values no longer sync with those of society, Merton created the structural strain theory, which explains how anomie lead to deviance and crime. The theory states that when society does not provide the necessary legitimate and legal means that allow people to achieve culturally valued goals, people seek out alternative means that may simply break from the norm, or may violate norms and laws. For example, if society does not provide enough jobs that pay a living wage so that people can work to survive, many will turn to criminal methods of earning a living. So for Merton, deviance, and crime are, in large part, a result of anomie, a state of social disorder.

Ancient Greek Vs. Medieval Theater - 1154 Words

Each theatrical work reflects the culture and moment in time it is made in. The work does this by exemplifying the values and beliefs of its culture and time. Ancient Greek theater reflects ancient Greek values and beliefs, such as the importance of the gods. Medieval theater portrays Medieval beliefs and values, like the values of community and religion. This can be said for post-modern works as well. Post-modern theater, although it seems fractured, reflects the culture, sub-culture, and time of its creation. Although post-modern theater does not share all unanimous ideals, like previous theatrical works, it is still a product of one culture. The post-modern culture seems fractured because it includes multiple different groups. This is shift from the narrower perspective, like the just Greek or just Medieval European point of view, is due to increased communication. In the post-modern era it is much easier to communicate with anyone around the world. With the increase of communication, especially since the ancient Greek and Medieval times, there has been in increase in sharing beliefs and values. With more people communicating more voices can be heard. This saturates the post-modern era with different ideals, almost to the point of seeming fractured. That is not the case though; the increasing number of different beliefs is a post-modern belief in itself. The large sum of differentiating beliefs perpetuates one unanimous post-modern belief. This is the belief and valueShow MoreRelatedFate Vs. Free Will2263 Words   |  10 PagesAncient Greek Mythology has one side on fate vs free will. They feel as though you have no ultimate choice and fate will always be your destiny. However, that does not mean everyone follows their destined path until death. In Homer’s The Iliad, fate and destiny as the final outcomes of a person’s life, however, at some points you wonder if a person’s destiny falls directly in the decisions made by someone. Hektor and Achilles both had choices, but ultimately believed they must follow their destinyRead MoreArt History7818 Words   |  32 Pagespapyrus plant • Brightly painted • Recessed into the wall • Dont serve any structural purpose • Simply there for aesthetics • Use to break-up the monotony of the wall #61607; Pg. 54 Ââ€" Pyramid Complex at Giza • Only one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world (oldest and largest wonder) • Pyramid of Khufu o Right-most pyramid o Largest o Oldest • Pyramid of Khafre o Center • Pyramid of Menkaure o Left o Smallest o Newest #61607; Who built the pyramids? • Probably not slaves • BuiltRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................. 299 CHAPTER 10 Deductive Reasoning .......................................................................................... 312 x Implying with Certainty vs. with Probability ................................................................................ 312 Distinguishing Deduction from Induction ..................................................................................... 319 Review of MajorRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesWineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History

The Development Of A Pdp - 917 Words

A PDP is a tool that clearly indicates identified challenges (learning or development needs) in order of priority. Each competency in the PDP assessment informs specific outcomes with the help of this tool (Francis et al., 2014). I can easily monitor my progress towards my progress towards my set goals using the high competencies of my personal and professional skills to improve my areas of opportunities. My PDP shown in table 1, highlights my competencies that needs to be achieved by July 2016. This is with most importance as improving these skill areas will reinforce the main objectives which is to achieve the target goal outlined. There are many variety of methods to access the outcomes of a PDP. Rughani (2001) describes a range of techniques both subjective (e.g. reflective and self-evaluation) and objective (e.g. analysis of PACT). These can give different perspective on performance and can help at broaden the range of methods we employ. Reflection According to Lew and Schmidt (2011) the role of reflection in education has created an upsurge of interest amongst educators and researchers since Dewey’s 1991 ground-breaking work, which emphasized the positive roles that reflection might play in fostering students’ self-reflection, critical thinking, and in the demonstrable development of professional values or skills. The definitions of self-reflection, though heterogeneous, are united in their advocacy to improve student learning. This refers to the processes that aShow MoreRelatedPdp - Professional Development Plan3375 Words   |  14 PagesProfessional Development Plan Unit: Understanding and Managing People Unit Code: 5D4Z0020 Unit Tutors: Tom Scanlon and Amanda Davis Student Name: Hilaria Dos Santos Rolo Student ID: 11501593 Date: 14th March 2012 Contents Page Page 1 – Title Page 2 – Contents Page 2 – List of tables and figures Page 3 – Introduction Page 4 to 6 – Section 1: Professional Plan Development Page 7 to 9 – Section 2: Progress Review Page 10 – Appendix 1 Page 11 to 13 – Appendix 2 Page 14 to 17 –Read MorePersonal and Professional Development Planning PDP614 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal and Professional Development Planning PDP Welcome to my Personal and Professional Development Planning website. This site contains different types of PDP documents, forms, evaluation tools and links for useful websites. Ive developed this web site as a resource for backing students up on the University Certificate in the Professional Development and the free elective Key Skills Development through Part-Time Voluntary Work better and ease for your learning. I hope that you will find a chanceRead MoreProfessional Development Plan1604 Words   |  6 PagesProfessional Development Plan The world is going through an era of rapid professional change and development. This has led to increased uncertainty for all professionals in the world of work. To ensure sustained growth in success and longevity of ones professional career, it is important to develop a strategic plan that focuses on training and developing a professional. Such a plan aims to put one in a position of advantage for employment in the long term in this rapidly changing professional worldRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Supervalu Inc.939 Words   |  4 Pagesretailer. The Professional Development Program (PDP) was created in response to the need for SUPERVALU to bring in entry-level professionals and their core business units after prior efforts in recruiting, training, and retention of college graduates had failed. The program objective was to attract and recruit highly talented, entry-level candidates provide them with broad, rotation based exposure to the Corporation through on-the-job experiences and training and development activities. This includedRead MoreSupervalue, Inc Professional Development Program Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesSUPERVALU, Inc. Analysis of Professional Development Program There were only a few strengths in SUPERVALU’s Professional Development Program (PDP). The mere fact that they recognized they needed a program to develop leaders was one positive. As Paul Cimmerer indicated in the article, â€Å"SUPERVALU was not doing a good enough job of bringing new people on board or grooming them for growth and effectiveness.† That was the genesis behind the PDP program - to attract and prepare high-potential collegeRead MorePersonal Development and Learning Essay example897 Words   |  4 PagesThe Personal Development Reflective Essay Assignment The reflective essay will become the primary component of the senior portfolio a few years from now, but the process begins here in PDP 150 as students learn to apply their new reflective skills in developing of an effective portfolio. The reflective essay provides the opportunity to describe and document one’s growth as a person during this time in a student’s life, and the key to understanding the task is to emphasize the term â€Å"reflectiveRead MoreSelf Assesment Report1026 Words   |  5 Pagesreport explains the meaning of Personal Development planning and its importance in the life of a person. I explored my learning styles using activities done in tutorials. I came to know that I am a reflective learner. Contents List 1.Introduction 2.Self Assessment Analysis 3.Learning Styles 4.Personal Development Planning (PDP) 5. Conclusion and recommendationsRead MoreGubernatorial Elections In Osun State Analysis1138 Words   |  5 PagesIn just a few months, the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) will be making a choice on who will be its flag bearer for the 2018 Gubernatorial elections in Osun state. The choice is definitely between the old breed and the new breed, the old faces or a new face, the old brand or a rebranded PDP. The choice is whether the party is seeking just power or is it seeking to fix the despairing state of the states economy by plugging the right peg in the right hole. Thereby, restoring hope, prosperity, andRead MorePrinciples of Personal Development in Adult Social Care and Settings1049 Words   |  5 Pagesalready know what to do next. That was a development by feedback How a personal development plan can contribute to own learning and development Definition of personal development plan Personal development planning (PDP) is the process of creating an action plan based on awareness, values, reflection, goal-setting and planning for personal development within the context of a career, education, relationship or for self-improvement. Who can be involved in the PDP process Typically, each employees  lineRead MorePrinciples of Personal Development in Adult Social Care Settings1217 Words   |  5 PagesHealth and Social Care Assignment UNIT 2 - PRINCIPLES OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS ASSIGNMENT OVERVIEW In this assignment, you will look at the importance of reflective practice in adult social care. You will explore how reflective practice can improve your development and practice and contribute to the quality of service provision You will also look at the process of planning development, and the importance of feedback and reflect on how your values, belief systems may

If I Were a Man by Charlotte Perkins Gilman free essay sample

In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story â€Å"If I Were a Man† she successfully shows the subconscious thinking of a young woman who wishes with her heart and soul she would become a man. The story is based on a young woman named Mollie Mathewson, who ends up becoming her husband due to her wishes to be a man. She then goes throughout the day as her husband, Gerald. â€Å"She was Gerald, walking down the path so erect and square-shouldered, in a hurry for his morning train, as usual, and, it must be confessed, in something of a temper† (Gilman 50). Gilman successfully brings this story to life by taking a third-person limited omniscient point of view, which allows us to see inside her innermost thoughts. Mollie Mathewson longs to be a man, because at this time men have all the power and pride women don’t. She is envious of all the things men can have. We will write a custom essay sample on If I Were a Man by Charlotte Perkins Gilman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"She felt what she had never felt before in all her life-the possession of money, of her own earned money-hers to give or to withhold, not to beg for, tease for, wheedle for-hers† (Gilman 51). For the first time in her life she gets to see what its like to have money that she does not have to share with anyone else. Men get to make the money while women stay home and take care of things around the house. Mollie now gets to experience life outside the house, and she also gets to feel what it’s like to not have to report to anyone. She is her own person now. During her day as Gerald she begins to take on his thoughts. She begins to think about women’s fashion and business sense. She particularly starts to dislike women’s hats. With the eyes of a man and the brain of a man; with the memory of a whole lifetime of free action wherein the hat, close-fitting on cropped hair, had been no handicap; now she perceived the hats of women† (Gilman 52). It’s interesting the way Mollie is taking on her husband’s thoughts. The reader would never think Mollie would think of women’s hats this way. The reader would think in spite of her being a man she would still think like a woman. On the train to work Mollie comes across a few men that Gerald rides the morning train with, and they begin having a biased discussion about women, that Mollie takes part in it. They talk about how women get whatever they want once they’ve got their mind made up and how men are smarter than women. Suddenly Mollie tells the men it’s time to wake up. She explains that women are pretty much the same as they are. Men and women are both people. Another thing Mollie said that is the most important quote of the story is, â€Å"As for Mother Eve-I wasn’t there and can’t deny the story, but I will say this. If she brought evil into the world, we men have had the lion’s share of keeping it going ever since-how about that? † (Gilman 55). Gilman shows men blame women for the way the world is, but it is both men and women who should equally be blamed for what goes on in the world. In the story the reader gets a feel for what Mollie is experiencing during her day as her husband Gerald. Charlotte Perkins Gilman does an amazing job getting her point across using the third-person limited omniscient point of view. At the end of the story Gerald is now conscious of new views and feelings about women that he never had before. Without Gilman’s use of the third-person limited omniscient point of view the reader wouldn’t have gotten that much out of the story.

Marketing Research Essay Example For Students

Marketing Research Essay 1. Product: Boxer shorts A. B. C. Yes D. Political, legal and regulatory, and sociological for conservative societies. It also makes it difficult to advertise. Color and size sensitivity. Some markets less conservative, easier to sell intimate apparel. Almost everyone wears underwear. Different styles are a different state of mind. 2. A. The first step is developing a hypothesis. B. Descriptive Research because its easy and requires minimal resources, and gets a general census. The company also has prior knowledge and the problem is clearly defined. According to Ellas interpretation, she feels that by looking at the advertisement about the Dodge Grand Caravan a person will get all the explanation he/she needs. Her second choice was Volvo which looks like a very nice car, but does not apply to the need of a customer. She would prefer to know the features that the car is offering. She feels that the name of the brand is hidden because its all the way on top and on the edge that it would not be visible to the eye of the customer. Her third choice was Ford Expedition, because looking at the magazine ad she feels that it explains the variation of the car. However, she thinks that the ad does not apply why it was advertised for and that there is not enough description to the car. Her fourth choice was Suzuki, because she claims that the ad itself takes a person attention. Therefore, she also liked that the typeface S and Suzuki overlaps on top of each other. Her Fifth choice was Toyota, because she thinks its a nice looking car, but the theme that was used for this ad is a little bit funny. She feels that way because the theme does not fit to the description of the car. Her suggestion for this ad is to create more ideas, (i.e. the name of the brand should be visible; the slogan should be different in the sense that it should apply to the description of the car). Svetlana Khanimova The second person that I have interviewed is Milana. She is a 22 years old nurse from Brooklyn, N.Y. Milana earns about $50,000 a year she likes to play volleyball and read novels in her spare time. Her first choice was the All new Dodge Grand Caravan, because of two reasons: First of all she said thats its a big family car and it is red color which caught her attention very fast. Second, this model contains a lot of details that can help her get as much information as she needs. Her second choice was Ford Expedition, because it gave her a good impression since she likes to travel a lot and therefore this appearance fulfills her needs. She feels that this car ad claims that it can handle traveling. In addition, it has different models and nice logo. She feels that this advertisement needs to put more information about this model. Her third choice was Suzuki, because the liked the comparison between the Suzuki and the cheetah, which transforms into high speed. In addition, she feels that the car is luxurious and big enough for the family. Also it gives enough information and has a good description of the car. Her forth choice is Volvo; she claims that it is a powerful car and can handle all the roads. She likes what it says on the side Volvo for life, but she also feels that there is not enough information about the features of the car. Her fifth choice is Toyota; she feels that it is not a very successful ad because it doesnt convince her to buy the car. She thinks that the car is too far, it needs to be closer How We Lie Essayand side wise, so that the customer can see the whole model. She also feels that the information that Toyota provides is very limited. Maya is the third person that I have interviewed. She is a 21 female that lives in Brooklyn, N.Y. She is a college student who lives with her parents. Her hobbies include, playing volleyball, basketball, and ice scatting. Mayas first choice was the Dodge Grand Caravan, because it caught her eyes to the information that she needs. For example, it provides the .

Assessing ability to remember words read

Intolerance in Nigeria free essay sample

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between religion and sustainable development, as well as the role of Nigerian intellectuals in ameliorating religious crisis in the country. Religion, as a system of faith is based on belief in the existence of a particular God or gods, to some extent, influences or contributes in developing and coordinating the expression of the capacities latent in human nature for the progress of the society. All the elements that made up the resources originating from human are expressed in their actions, behaviour and daily activities, either in positive and constructive ways, or in a negative and destructive ways, especially with respect to their inherent power to generate value by leveraging other production variables for economic growth and development. Empirical results obtained, using descriptive analysis approach, indicate that religion plays an important role in shaping the moral and social values necessary for development. Based on these findings, some recommendations are offered which include: Re-examine education policies in the light of its contribution to individual growth and to bring about fundamental structural changes in society, changes which are necessary for the creation of a just, peaceful, and harmonious environment, hence teachers and other intellectuals must be a model of nobility, selfactualization and discipline, since sound character is ultimately more important than intellectual brilliance. We will write a custom essay sample on Intolerance in Nigeria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Keywords: Religion, Economic growth, Amelioration, Tolerance and Intellectuals. INTRODUCTION A religion can be broadly described as a set of common belief and practices generally held by a group of people. Oxford Learner Dictionary described religion as a system of faith that is based on belief in the existence of a particular God or gods. According to Oke, Oloruntimehin and Akinola (1996), it is generally accepted by social scientists that people’s religious beliefs and their social organizations are closely interrelated. They quoted Emile, as noted that religion is a social artifact symbolizing what a society considers sacred and the most sacred thing to any society is the society itself. In view of this, religion provides an organized picture of the universe and establishes a more or less orderly relationship between man and his surroundings. Early economists and other researchers have paid little attention to any link between religion and economic development, rather it is seen as something personal between man and his God. The early relationship between religion and economic was established by Marx, who was of the opinion that the strength of an economy would influenced a religion or belief. However, the like of Max Weber, an eminent sociologist of early 20th century was of contra opinion. According to him, the source of the growth of the western economy is religion, especially the reformation of protestant and its doctrine about 40 Religion and Economic Development: the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. and Alofun, G. O. O. simplicity and moral responsibility to work (Skousen, 2007). Weber Marx (1930), believe that capitalism originated from religious ideals and not historical materialism. Specifically, the protestant reformation teachings changed the western culture, and led to the rise of capitalism, which in turn led to the growth and development of their economy. Islam as a religion also played a positive role in the development of the Arab society and transformed it to such a remarkable extent that it not only overcame its own handicaps but also brought about a revolutionary change in the societies that came under its influence (Charpra, 1998). Barro and McCleary (2003) suggested that higher rates of religious beliefs stimulate growth because they help to sustain the aspect of individual behaviour that enhances productivity. The higher number of church or mosque attendance, for instance, tends to depressed growth because it signifies a greater use of esources including land, buildings and other capital, by the religious sector. However, that suppression of growth is tempered by the extent to which church or mosque attendance leads to greater religion beliefs, which in turn encourages economic growth. In Nigeria, traditional communities are essentially religious. In these communities, religion is kinship based because it governs the peopleâ⠂¬â„¢s lineage or family relationships; it governs the doctrine of collective responsibility and forms the basis of the family, which in turn is the basic unit of social control. Indeed, religion is so important in the society as a form of social control because of people’s adherence to religion, whether traditional, Christian or Islam (Ikporukpo, 2001), which are the recognized religions in Nigeria, though the last two are more pronounced. Christianity and Islam, especially have a great influence on the daily lives of Nigerians, and plays a significant role in the socio-political and economic development. According to Nwite and Wilson (2010), churches in Nigeria has contributed immensely to the economic development of the country through investment in different sectors of the economy like real estate, capital market, shopping complex and schools. The essence of economic and human development embodied health, for which life expectancy is taken as a reasonable gauge; knowledge, which is expressed as a combination of literacy rates and average years of schoolings; and per capital income (Lynn, 2001). Any effort put forward towards the development of these determining factors would amount to stirring the economy towards development. Given the foregoing, the paper proposes to critically examine/analyses: i. The contribution of religion to the education sector in Nigeria. ii. The role of religion in the development of health sector in Nigeria. iii. The role of religion towards creation of job opportunities in Nigeria. iv. The role of religion and Nigerian Intellectuals in socio-ethnic crisis in Nigeria. To this end, the paper is organized into five sections. Following this introduction is section II, which focuses on conceptual issues. Section III discusses the role of religion on economic development in Nigeria. Section IV analyses the role of religion on socio-ethnic crisis in Nigeria, while section V summarises the findings and offer policy recommendation. 41 Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Volume 3, December 2011 CONCEPTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT There are different conceptions of development. First, it could be viewed as the development of the mind in which case the humanity of man is no longer subjugated to nature, but has transcended the confines of nature to progressively understand the whole of the world in order to be able to develop from it an environment which is most suitable for him. Moreso, economic development means sustained and sustainable growth per capita income, accompanied by diversification of production, reduction in absolute poverty, and expanding economic opportunities for all citizens (Lynn, 2003). The definition implies an economic growth which can be maintained over a long period of time. Moreso it requires diversification of economic activities so that the nation can be producing variety of goods and services, with the economy gradually progressing from primary, to secondary and then to tertiary economy. This should be able to create an expanding opportunities for people to make a choice of work and earn income through which they can improve their lives and able to participate in the social life of the community. Most importantly, there should be reduction in the level of absolute poverty in the country. The conception of development also connote growth with changes, which usually demands significant structural transformation within a country, and that includes the reorganization and reorientation of the economic and social systems, radical arrangements in installations and administrative structures, as well as reorientations in popular attitudes, customs and belief (Ogunkola and Egwaikhide, 2001). In contemplating development, more than access to goods and services is at stake. As such, in measuring level of development, the Physical Quality of Life (PQL) is considered, and it is equal weighting of an infant mortality rate, life expectancy, and basic literacy. However the United Nations Development’s version of development measurement refers to as Human Development Index (HDI) incorporates an income measure. All these elements considered in measuring the level of development of a nation are subject of level of development of the health and educational sectors, where the eligious sectors in Nigeria has contributed, as can be seen in the Holy Scriptures. For instance: Both religions in Nigeria, that is, Christianity and Islam recognize that the created universe is subjected to man for the enrichment and fulfillment of his life (Quran 45:12-13, 14:32-34 and Genesis 1:26-28). More so, contrary to the view that religion only emphasis faith and not works, the Bible and Qur’an invite men to labour and action (Qur’an 13: 11, 2:275 and Exodus 20 :9, Proverbs 16:3, 2. Thessalonians 3:10). All the elements that made up the resources originating from human are expressed in their actions, behaviour and daily activities, either in positive and constructive ways, or in a negative and destructive ways (Zainun, 2006), especially with respect to their inherent power to generate value by leveraging other production variables for economic growth development. In carrying out development activities, religion provides some code of norms and obligations which subject man to regulations necessary for the progress of the society. 2 Religion and Economic Development: the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. and Alofun, G. O. O. The Role of Religion in Nigerian Economic Development Religion has contributed much to development of human race, and it will be totally absurd to ignore the contributions of religion, especially Christianity and Islam. Both religious communities have become the key determinants of history and destiny of the nation, and its vast population, as well as deciding the course of development and building of the nation. Religion is given a reasonable degree of recognition by governments of Nigeria and some other countries as a major factor determining the stability of a nation. The roles of religion in economic development are more pronounced in the educational and health sectors, as well as creation of job opportunities. The Role of Religion in Educational Sector in Nigeria Education is a continuous and creative process which aimed at developing the capacities latent in human nature, and coordinate their expression for the enrichment and progress of ociety, by equipping students with spiritual, moral and material knowledge. Education in terms of the knowledge, qualities, skills, attitudes and capacities that enable individuals to become conscious subjects of their growth and active responsible participants in a systemic process of building a new world order. In Nigeria, Christian missions pioneered the establishment of primary and secondary schools, and ever since then the two religions, that is, C hristianity and Islam, have played a significant role in the establishment of schools in Nigeria. As the primary schools and their products multiplied, secondary schools were established to satisfy the demand for higher education. The Catholic Missionary Society (CMS) established the C. M. S. Grammar School in Lagos in 1859, followed by the Methodist Boys’ High School in 1879 and St. Gregory’s College, established by the Catholic in 1881. It is on this foundation that secondary schools education has rested in Nigeria (Olurode, 1999). Many other religion based secondary schools later emerged. These include, Ahmadiyya Grammar School, Anwar-Ul-Islam Grammar School, St. Theresa College, Islamic High School, Ebira Muslim Community College among many. The religious sector in Nigeria is also involved in establishment of higher institutions, to enhance government effort towards educational development. Among the religion based private higher institutions in Nigeria are listed in table 1. 0 below: Table 1. 0 Some religion based private higher institutions in Nigeria S/N Institution 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8. Bowen University, Iwo-Osun State Fountain University, Osogbo- Ondo state Founder/Sponsor The Baptist NASFAT Islam Bishop Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo – Anglican Churches Oyo state Al-Hikama University, Ilorin – Kwara State Islamic Foundation (AROIF) and Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY) Redeemer University, Lagos state The Redeemed Churches Wesley University of Technology, Ondo The Methodist churches State. Covenant University, Lagos state Living Faith Church World 43 Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Volume 3, December 2011 . 10. Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Osun state Christ Apostolic Church VERITAS University (Catholic University of The Catholic Churches Nigeria), Abuja. Source: Culled by the authors from lists of private universities in Nigeria The Contribution of Religion to the Health Sector in Nigeria The spread of western ideas including medicine and social welfare also owed much to the advent of religion in Nigeria. According to Olurode (1997), by the end of the nineteen century, the hospital; was as effective as the school. By 1914, various missions had established hospitals such as the C. M. S. Iyi Enu Hospital near Onitsha, the Wesley Guide Hospital in Ilesha, the Baptist Hospital in Ogbomosho and the Sacred Heart Hospital of the Society for African Missions in Abeokuta. Missionary involvement had, as its aim, the eradication of superstitious beliefs about such diseases as smallpox. In Yoruba land, for instance, the god of smallpox shoponna had a strong hold on the people which took western medicine, specifically vaccines to break. Even where orthodox medicine failed, some religion has been playing a significant role to proffer spiritual solution to cure illness. The Role of Religion and Nigerian Intellectuals on Socio-ethnic Crisis in Nigeria According to UNHCR (2008) as quoted by Saheed and Alofun (2010), since 1999, more than 10,000 Nigerians have been killed and more properties worth billions of naira have been destroyed in sectarian and communal attacks and reprisals between Muslims and Christians. The most serious of these clashes occurred in Kaduna state in February and May 2000, and November 2002; Jos, Plateau state in September 2001; Kano state and Yelwa, Plateau state between February and May, 2004; and in the northern and southeastern Nigeria in the wake of the controversy over depictions of the Prophet Muhammad in the Danish press in February 2006. Table 2. 0. Some of the Religious Crises in Nigeria in the last one decade Date Events Victims Sept. 2001 July, 2007 Sept. 2007 Dec. 2007 Dec. 2008 July, 2009 Violent clashes between Muslims and Christians in 3,000 people killed Jos, Plateau state. Violent clashes between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims over 5 people killed the murder of a Sunni cleric in Sokoto Rioting in the northern state of Kano 19 people killed Three churches burned in the northern state of 10 people killed Bauchi Violent clashes over disputed election result which 400 people killed degenerated into religion crisis in Jos, Plateau state Two days battle with radical Islamists in two northern 150 people killed cities of Yobe and Bauchi Source: Culled by the Authors from the records of UNHCR, GlobalSecurity. org and Mail and Guardian online, 2009 44 Religion and Economic Development: the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. and Alofun, G. O. O. All these events, as shown in table 2. 0 above, have a negative effect on Nigerian economy in terms of capital and loss of lives, especially manpower or human resources with high productivity potentials. In each of these events the role of Nigerian intellectuals calls for question. In the two widely acknowledged religions in Nigeria, that is, the Christianity and Islam, the leaders are intellectuals who are well educated, many of whom are holders of various degrees ranging from bachelor, to masters and even doctorate. They are very influential among their followers and the congregations. Their words are like policy within that congregation. They are leaders who are supposed to articulate an ideological vision congruent with deeply held value of the country. They are supposed to engage in alignment, with interpretive orientations such that the country’s interest, value and belief as well as these religions activities, goals and ideology becomes congruent and complementary. Universal education must be relevant to he true needs of a community and contribute to the unification of mankind, in such a way that it will enable the people to move in the direction of their own chosen field and help them appreciate those universal qualities that distinguish the human race (Saheed, 2008). However, a situation where misunderstanding between two people in a community degenerated into communal clashes that claimed several lives, or members of congregation dispersed from their places of worship and created anarchy in the street, then the impact of the message of such religion leader becomes questionable. Is it a sermon of peace or hatred? CONCLUSION AND POLICY ISSUES Religion, especially Christianity and Islam, to some extent, has contributed to economic development either indirectly, by influencing and coordinate the expression of the capacities latent in human nature for the progress of the society, and by shaping the moral and social values necessary for development, or directly by its contribution to the growth of the educational and health sectors in Nigeria. However, religious intolerance among the people which often lead to crisis claiming several lives and destruction of properties has a negative impact on Nigerian economy. Adherents of the religious communities, to some extent, have lost focus of their responsibility towards nation building, and are embraced vices such religious fanaticism or intolerance and its attendant problems such as unending intensive strives, fight of superiority, loss of human and material resources. To promote religious tolerance towards national development, the religious communities in Nigeria must wake up to their responsibilities in home so that the problem of moral decadence plaguing the nation will radically reduced. Since many Nigerian families are facing the pangs of unemployment, inability to pay their children and wards school fees among other hardships, the religious bodies should resume their pioneering work in the area of health, education, industry and vocational training to assist the nation, especially in the area of human development. Education should be examined in the light of its contribution to individual growth and to bring about fundamental structural changes in society, changes which are necessary for the creation of a just, peaceful, and harmonious environment, hence teachers and other intellectuals must be a model of nobility, self-actualisation and discipline, since sound character is ultimately more important than intellectual brilliance. A well educated community 45 Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Volume 3, December 2011 ember is a determined yet humble participant, who helps overcome conflict and division thereby contributing to a spirit of unity and collaboration. Therefore, Nigerian education, like a universal education, must be relevant to the needs of the Nigerian communities and contribute to the unification of the people of Nigeria, regardless of their religion and race. It must enable the people both to move in the direction of their choice and help them appreciate those universal q ualities that distinguish the entire human race. REFERENCE Barro, J. B. and McClear, R. M. 2003), Religion and Growth, Havard University Press, U. S. A Ikporukpo, C. O. (2001). Government, Society and Economy. Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers (Nig. ) Ltd. Lynn, S. R. (2003). Development Economics: World. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River Theory and Practice for a Divided Nwite, S. C. and Wilson, A. (2010). Churches in Nigeria and Investment Strategies: Problems and Prospect. Book of Abstract. Second World Congress on Research and Development, University of Ibadan. Oke, F. A. , et al. (1996). Introduction to Social Institutions. Ibadan: Akinlabi Fayinmi Ventures. Saheed, Z. S. (2008). Ebira: What Our Problems Is. http://jakomodebiravonyainternational. blogspot. com The Ebiras and the World. Saheed, Z. S. and Alofun, G. O. O, (2010). Nigeria, Five Decades of Sovereignty: Rich But Poor. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Development Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1. Skousen, M. , (2007). Modern Economics Theories. Indonesia: Prenada Media Group Publication. Sushmit, N. (2007). Religion Economic www. mpra. ub. uni-muechen. de/8181 Growth and Development. MPRA. Zainun, B. (2001). Indonesia Human Resources Development. Jakarta: PT. Gunung Agung Tbk. 46

Electronic Engineer Essays

Electronic Engineer Essays Electronic Engineer Essay Electronic Engineer Essay International Conference on Modelling and Simulation Path Loss Effect on Energy Consumption in a WSN ? Krishna Doddapaneni,? Enver Ever,? Orhan Gemikonakli,†  Ivano Malavolta,? Leonardo Mostarda,†  Henry Muccini Communications Department, School of Engineering Information Sciences, Middlesex University, UK Email:{k. doddapaneni, e. ever, o. gemikonakli, l. mostarda}@mdx. ac. uk †  Dipartimento Di Informatica De L’Aquila Via Vetoio L’Aquila 67100, Italy Email:{ivano. malavolta,henry. muccini}@univaq. it ? ComputerAbstract- Energy consumption of nodes is a crucial factor that constrains the networks life time for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). WSNs are composed of small sensors equipped with lowpower devices, and have limited battery power supply. The main concern in existing architectural and optimisation studies is to prolong the network lifetime. The lifetime of the sensor nodes is affected by different components such as the microprocessor, the sensing module and the wireless transmitter/receiver. The existing works mainly consider these components to decide on best deployment, topology, protocols and so on.Recent studies have also considered the monitoring and evaluation of the path loss caused by environmental factors. Path loss is always considered in isolation from the higher layers such as application and network. It is necessary to combine path loss computations used in physical layer, with information from upper layers such as application layer for a more realistic evaluation. In this paper, a simulation-based study is presented that uses path-loss model and application layer information in order to predict the network lifetime. Physical environment is considered as well.We show that when path-loss is introduced, increasing the transmission power is needed to reduce the amount of packets lost. This presents a tradeoff between the residual energy and the successful transmission rate when more realistic settings are employed for simulation. It is a challenging task to optimise the transmission power of WSNs, in presence of path loss, because although increasing the transmission power reduces the residual energy, it also reduces the number of retransmissions required. Index Terms- attenuation; path loss; wireless sensor networks; energy consumed; life time Evaluation tools Analytical modelingSimulators Real Deployment Test Beds Fig. 1. Performance evaluation methods I. I NTRODUCTION Recent advances in wireless communications and electronics have enabled the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which comprise many low cost, low power, and multifunctional sensor nodes to accomplish certain sensing tasks in an intelligent manner. A sensor network is a special type of network which generally consists of a data acquisition system and a data distribution system. The unique characteristics of WSNs in terms of data collection and energy constrains, separate them from other communication networks.In Figure 1 we show the most common techniques for performance evaluation that are analytical modelling, simulation and benchmarking. The existing studies consider benchmarking in form of test beds and measurements for real deployment. The energy constrains of WSNs, limits their processing capabilities and communication. Therefore, using one of these performance evaluation methods, and analysis of deployment and management of such complex systems is a challenging task [1]. Due to inherent complexity and diverse nature of WSNs (dynamic topology, wireless channel characteristics, mobility, 978-0-7695-4682-7/12 $26. 0  © 2012 IEEE DOI 10. 1109/UKSim. 2012. 87 569 density of the nodes etc. ), analytical methods may become inappropriate as they require certain simpli? cations to model and predict the performance of the system. The simpli? cations may lead to inaccurate results in case of unrealistic assumptions [2],[3]. Experimental studies such as [4],[5],[6],[7] are not always practical for evaluation of systems with different architectures and under various conditions, mainly because of the dif? culties in deployment of real systems. Potential dif? ulties associated may be deploying tens or hundreds of sensor nodes in the physical environment, program the nodes and monitor their behaviour, the high costs involved in obtaining the instrumentation and other aspects such as fault tolerance, and scalability. It is well known that when it comes to benchmarking, the results in many cases cannot be extrapolated to suit the changes in the system or environment. Hence, testing and performance evaluation of WSNs through analytical modelling, real deployment and test beds can become complex, inaccurate, time consuming and/or costly.Simulation is currently the most widely adopted method for analyzing WSNs. Simulation studies provide quicker evaluation, optimisation and modi? cations of the proposed algorithms and protocols at design, development and implementation stages. A number of simulation tools are available with different features, models, architectures and characteristics for performance evaluation in WSNs. Packet level simulators offer various optimisation methods for free space scenarios and avoid the effects of path loss 1 that may be caused by different obstacles. The existing studies considering path loss for WSNs on the other hand are quite conservative.The impacts of path losses are not considered, and analysed together with details in upper layers such as network and application. In this paper, a new approach is considered to combine 1 Path loss is the attenuation in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. the path loss related issues with packet level simulation. A case study is presented which uses path-loss as well as network and application layer data in order to predict the network lifetime. Well known path loss computation models are adopted to use with a new tool, which allows the users to deploy ensors in a two dimensional abstraction of the physical environment, and to introduce obstacles. The new tool in turn communicates with well-known Castalia package and OMNET simulation environment. The energy consumption of the nodes considering the impact of path loss for different transmission powers is presented, the tradeoff between traditional performance measures such as packet loss and residual energy is illustrated. The approach presented lends itself as a ? exible and ef? cient tool which provides a more realistic approach for analysing WSNs and evaluating the performance in terms of energy ef? iency. The ? exibility of abstraction provided for the physical environment, also makes it possible to use various path loss models (even experimental ones). The rest of the paper is organised as follows: Section II considers various types of simulators. In section III, our approach is presented. Section IV provides the details of home automation application which is chosen as a case study. Section V shows the numerical results obtained. The impact of path loss on energy consumption of the nodes in a WSN is shown as well as the behaviour of nodes for different transmission powers in presence of path losses.In section VI, conclusion and future studies are presented. II. R ELATED W ORK In this section, we consider existing simulators. They can be classi? ed based on their level of complexity in to three main categories: Instruction, algorithm and packet level. A. Instruction level simulators Instruction level simulators are often regarded as emulators. They model the CPU execution at the level of instructions. TOSSIM [8], Atemu [9], Avrora [10] are well known emulators. TOSSIM is the most commonly used emulator. However, compared to other emulators, it is not the most precise one. TOSSIM, is a platform speci? simulator (a TinyOS mote simulator) which can compile any code written for TinyOS to an executable ? le. TinyViz, is the basic GUI for TOSSIM which can visualize and interact with the running simulations. TOSSIM is speci? c for TinyOS applications on Mica motes sensors and do not include power models. Avora, is a javabased emulator used for programs speci? cally written for AVR microcontrollers produced by Amtel and the Mica2 sensor modes. Atemu provides low-level emulation of the operation of individual sensor nodes. A unique feature of Atemu is its ability to simulate a heterogeneous sensor network.It is scalable and its high ? delity platform is used as a predeployment tool for sensor networks. B. Algorithm level simulators Shawn [11], AlgoSensim [12], and Sinalgo [13], are well known algorithm level simulators with emphasis on the logic, data structure and presentation of the algorithms. They rely on some form of graphical data structure to demonstrate the communication between the nodes. Shawn is a very powerful tool in simulating large scale networks with an abstract point of view. It supports distributed protocols and generic high level algorithms. AlgoSensim focuses on network speci? analysis of algorithms like localization, distributed routing, and ? ooding. AlgoSensim mainly facilitates the implementation and quality analysis of new algorithms. Sinalgo focuses on the veri? cation of network algorithms and abstracts from the underlying layers. It also offers a message passing view of the network. Sinalgo can be employed for quick prototyping and veri? cation in freely customizable network settings. C. Packet level simulators OPNET, Qualnet, NS-2, GloMoSim, are some of the most commonly used packet level simulators. They implement the data link and physical layers in the OSI network layers.Hence, radio models, 802. 11b or newer MAC protocols, fading, collisions, noise and wave diffractions are commonly implemented. Network Simulator (NS) is a discrete event simulator written in combination of C++ and OTcl. OTcl is an object oriented scripting language, developed mainly for networking research. It provides extensive support for simulation of TCP, multicast protocols, and routing for wired and wireless networks. With protocol implementations being widely produced and developed, the extensibility of NS-2 has been a major contributor to its success.It has an object-oriented design which allows for easy creation of new protocols. The key features for WSNs include battery models, hybrid simulation support, sensor channels, scenario generation tools and a visualization tool [14]. Scalability, lack of application model and the lack of customization are few limitations of NS-2 along with lacking an application model [3]. OPNET [15] and Qualnet [16] are commercialized network simulator software with powerful standard modules and they provide good simulation environment.OPNET is an excellent choice to simulate Zigbee based networks with the implementation of Zigbee protocol and IEEE 802. 15. 4 MAC protocol. Qualnet performs well in simulating large scale sensor networks due to its scalability in wireless simulation, but OPNET simulation requires a long time when the number of sensors considered is large. The above mentioned simulators use rather simple radio/channel models [17]. Also, the simulators are still platform speci? c and moderately scalable, making them unsuitable for protocol /algorithm design and testing.Furthermore the environmental details and especially the effects of path loss has not been considered in any of the given simulation packages. III. O UR APPROACH Figure 2 outlines the main components of our approach. This has been implemented in a tool called PlaceLife. An environment editor allows the user to specify the physical environment by using a graphical editor. The environment can include different obstacles and different sensors. An obstacle can have different properties such as the material it is 570 PlaceLife other layers info Environment Editor Application Model Path loss Model Translation engine ommonly used path loss models that de? nes the behaviour of signal strength in an indoor area. The path loss behaviour is dependent on the distance between nodes and the attenuation factor added by the objects. The attenuation can vary based on several factors such as the construction materials (e. g. , wood, glass and concrete) and the object size. In the Table I we show some attenuation values in dB introduced by various materials. We provide a detailed discussion in the next Section. The dependant path loss model can be expressed as [21]: LP = L0 + 20log(d) + mtype wtype Castalia Omnet++ Fig. 2. PlaceLife here, LP represents the path loss between two nodes, d is the distance between the two nodes, L0 is the path loss in free space environment, mtype refers to the number of objects of the same type and wtype is the loss in decibels attributed to that particular object. B. The translation engine The translation engine takes as an input the environment, application, and path loss models in order to produce simulation scripts. We use Castalia [22] as a simulation tool. Castalia is a WSN simulator used for initial testing of protocols and/or algorithms with a realistic node behaviour, wireless channel and radio models.Since Castalia is highly tunable and can simulate a wide range of platforms, it is used to evaluate different platform characteristics. Castalia features an accurate radio model based on the work of the authors in [23]. It also features physical process model, considering clock drift, sensor energy consumption, CPU energy consumption, sensor bias etc. Unpredictability of the wireless channel, energy spent in transmission/receiving packets, performance degradation experienced by duty cycles, collisions are usually overlooked by simple simulators.However these details are well established in Castalia [17]. All main components that affect the energy consumption of sensor nodes are considered that are the micro-processor, the sensor module, wireless transmitter/receiver and the path loss. We emphasise that while Castalia provides a good low level simulation platform; it does not provide any means to specify the application behaviour, the environment and the path loss models. The application behaviour is needed to derive application level simulation parameters. The environment and the path loss models allow the calculation of the path loss.In fact while Castalia assumes that the user provides path loss related parameters, our approach automatically derives those values from high level models such as the environment and path loss. IV. H OME AUTOMATION Monitoring and automatic control of building environment is a case study considered quite often [24], [25], [26], [27]. Home automation can include the following functionalities: (i) heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems; (ii) emergency control systems (? re alarms); (iii) centralized control lighting; and (iv) other systems, to provide comfort, energy ef? ciency and security.In order to validate our approach made of and its size. The environment editor also allows the speci? cation of the sensor position in the physical environment. Obstacles and sensor position are used to compute the path loss. An application model de? nes the behaviour of nodes. From this model various performance parameters such as transmission and sensing rates can be derived. PlaceLife considers information from other layers such as network, data and physical layers to have a more realistic approximation for the life time. At network layer different protocols such as AODV [18] and DSR [19] can be speci? d but also static routing can be de? ned. This can be easily speci? ed on the environment model. Although various data link layer access methods can be used, the Timeout MAC (T-MAC) has been chosen in this case study. T-MAC is a contention based MAC protocol that use synchronised sleep schedules between the nodes in a WSN to conserve energy [20]. Also T-MAC provides both collision avoidance and reliable transmission. A. Path loss Path loss is the attenuation in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates. Path loss is consequence of many effects such as free-space loss, refraction, diffraction, re? ction, aperture-medium coupling loss, and absorption. Path loss is also affected by other factors such as propagation medium (dry or moist air), the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and the frequency of the signal. When the effects of path loss are not considered, the evaluation of underlying structure can become optimistic, since the problems associated, retransmissions and the way this phenomena affects the energy consumption are not taken into account. In our approach a path loss model can be speci? ed by the user. This model is used together with the physical environmental model in order to de? e the path loss between two nodes. In this paper we consider indoor environment and the dependant path loss model [21]. This is one of the most 571 A5 T Sm Sp Sp A3 BS A1 T T A4 Sp Sm Sm T Sp = sprinkler T = temperature Sm = smoke BS = base station concrete wood glass Sm Sp T A2 Sp Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Home automation Energy consumed by each node with and without path loss we consider the ? re alarm system and the automatic heating application. The ? re alarm system is composed of different temperature sensors and smoke detectors that are distributed inside the building.There are also sprinkler actuators used to enable the water ? ow in case of ? re. All the temperature sensors monitor the temperature at regular intervals (every 30 seconds). When a temperature sensor reads a value that exceeds a speci? ed threshold; it sends an alert message to the smoke detector. The smoke detector receives the alert and checks for smoke. An alarm is raised when the smoke is detected. In this case the smoke sensor also activates all the sprinklers. The automatic heating application is composed of different temperature sensors, a base station and various heaters.The temperature sensors send readings every 30 seconds to the base station. This is placed at the center forming a star topology. The base station averages the readings and decides whether or not the central heating system should be on. More speci? cally the base station works in the following way: if the heating is turned on and the average temperature is greater than the minimum threshold, the central heating system turns off. if the average temperature is less than the minimum threshold, the central heating system turns on. We consider the scenario of Figure 3. A ? at composed of ? e rooms (A1-A5). We also consider different obstacles such as wooden doors, walls and glass partition. V. N UMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In order to show the usefulness and effectiveness of our approach and to analyse various factors affecting the performance in terms of energy consumption of WSNs, the numerical results are presented in this section. The simulation parameters are as follows: CC2420 radio de? ned by the Texas instruments is used, the output power of the different transmission levels in dBm are varied from 0 to -25dBm. Energy consumption for each transmission level varies.For instance for 0 dBm power consumed for listening (receiving) is 62 mW and for transmission is 57. 42 mW. Packet rate is kept at 250 kbps, the radio bandwidth is 20 MHz and the simulation runs for 9000 sec. T-MAC is used as a MAC protocol, and this makes the length of each frame period for all nodes 610 milliseconds, and the duration of listen time out 61 milliseconds. For our case study, we calculated the path-loss due to the material and explicitly set our path loss map [21], [28]. Refer to Figure 3 and Table I [21] for each type of obstacle and for its contribution to path loss.For the sake of the presentation we use numbers to represent sensors. Node 0 represents the base station. Nodes 1,4,5,7, and 9 monitor temperature in areas A1,A5,A4,A3, and A2 respectively. Nodes 2,3,6, and 8 monitor smoke in the areas A1,A5,A4, and A3 respectively. Table II and Table III show the energy consumed by the nodes for the application scenario considering the path-loss phenomenon and ignoring the path loss respectively. Similarly, Figure 4 shows the difference in energy consumed by each node for two different cases. In case one path loss is ignored, and for the next set of results the path loss is present.It is evident that the lifetime of the nodes is heavily TABLE I PARTITION DEPENDENT LOSSES FOR 2. 4 G HZ obstacles Concrete wall Wooden door Glass wall Cinder wall window Brick Masonry brick metal door attenuation in dB 12 2. 8 2 4 2 5 17 12. 4 TABLE II E NERGY CONSUMED BY THE NODES IN JOULES , CONSIDERING PATH LOSS nodes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 energy 100. 7 84. 9 95. 6 94. 3 90. 1 88. 8 89. 3 88. 9 90. 5 91. 2 TABLE III E NERGY CONSUMED BY THE NODES IN JOULES , IGNORING PATH LOSS nodes 0 energy 81. 4 1 2 81. 4 82. 6 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 81. 4 81. 5 81. 5 82. 7 81. 4 82. 4 83. 1 572 Fig. 5. Energy consumed vs. ransmitted power for nodes 5-9 Fig. 6. Energy consumed vs. transmitted power vs. packets lost dependent on the impact of the path loss, and ignoring the effect of path loss would be an optimistic assumption when energy consumed by each node is considered. This is because, when the effects of path loss are not considered, problems associated, retransmissions and the way this phenomena affects the energy consumption are not taken into account. However these factors affect the life time of the node. Node 3 consumes 13 joules of more energy due to path loss, when compared to no path loss.Figure 5 shows the life time of the nodes 5 to 9, considering the impact of path loss for different transmission powers. Transmission power is varied from -25 dBm to 0 dBm, the energy consumption of the nodes is increased as we increase the transmission power. For node 7, as the transmission power is increased from -25 dBm to 0dBm, the energy consumed by the node also increases from 80. 1 joules to 88. 9 joules. The trade-off between traditional performance measures such as packet loss and residual energy is presented in Figure 6.The dotted lines represent the packets lost and the straight lines represent the energy consumed by each node. As the transmission power is decreased from 0 dBm to -25 dBm, there is a gradual increase in amount of packets lost. For node 0, as the transmission power is decreased from 0 dBm to -25 dBm, the number of packets lost increases to 370, from 206 and the energy consumed increases to 100 joules, from 88 joules. Because of the retransmissions, more energy is consumed by the nodes. But the increase in transmission power does not necessarily mean increase in the life time as there are no retransmissions.When the tradeoff between the packet loss and the energy consumed is analysed, it can be seen that the optimum transmission power should be between -15 to -5 dBm where the energy consumption is less than 95 joules and packet loss is less than 200 packets. VI. C ONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this paper, a simulation-based study is presented that uses path-loss network and application layer data in order to predict the network lifetime. Physical environment is considered as well. We show that when path-loss is introduced, increasing the transmission power is needed to reduce the amount of packets lost.This presents a tradeoff between the residual energy and the successful transmission rate when more realistic settings are employed for simulation. It is a challenging task to optimise the transmission power of WSNs, in presence of path loss, because although increasing the transmission power reduces the residual energy, it also reduces the number of retransmissions required. This work is by no means complete. The concept is far more complicated than just ? nding out the network life time. The main focus is to place the nodes in a way to maximise the network life time, which is the major constrain of WSNs. Work is in progress.R EFERENCES [1] I. Akyildiz, S. Weilian, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 102 – 114, aug 2002. [2] T. Krop, M. Bredel, M. Hollick, and R. 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