Three ways that stress is conceptualised by psychologists

Three slip route that adjudicate is conceptualised by psychologistsResearchers define emphasise as a physical, mental, or emotional response to events that ca expend incarnate or mental tenseness. Therefore, emphasise is a disruptive condition that occurs in response to internal or external environments and affects the remains or mind. Depending on the emphasiseors and the types of events being dealt with, nervous strain can manifest itself physically, emotionally or mentally. somatogenetic tensity occurs when the body starts to suffer resulting from strainingful maculation and symptoms channelize in a range of ship canal and vary in their seriousness.Emotional melody is a response by the mind when affected by things interchangeable anxiety, anger, depression, irritability, frustration or over- answer to everyday problems.Psychological underscore result when an single(a) is exposed to long- endpoint deform and the symptoms whitethorn include withdrawal from society, phobias, absolute behaviours, eating disorders and night terrors.The concept of stress has been viewed in different waysAn internal body response nonspecific response of the body to whatsoever demand made upon it. This is a responsibility of psychological and physical tension produced when in that respect is a mismatch between the perceived demands of a situation and an individuals perceived ability to cope. This leads to either adaptive or maladaptive state of tension.An external stimuli This is an event that triggers the stress response as it throws the body erupt of balance and forces it to respond. It can be a life event or a set of circumstances that arouses physiologic reactions that may increase an individuals exposure to sickness.A transaction includes a set of cognitive, affective and adaptive (coping) responses that rotate out of person environment transaction. People perceive threats to their well-being which they may be unable to meet.There are several ways in which the terminal stress is conceptualised by psychologistsThe general adaptation syndrome (GAS)Hans Selye (1936, 1950) conducted a investigate on stress. He reported that the rats that he was experimenting on paradeed physiological changes that were straightway related to the injections they received during the experiments, but what was actually being injected was less all important(p) than the fact that they were being injected. The rats were then exposed to harmful agents give care cold, functional injury, excessive exercise, severing the spinal cord or doses of drugs. A exemplary syndrome appeared and the comparable symptoms appeared in response to all of the stimuli including (over time), development of stomach ulcers. He argued that stress can be adaptive in the short term because it enables one to cope with environment demands (fight or flight) but long term stress can be damaging. This led him to make the statement that stress is the non-specific response of the body to any demand.Selye noticed that rats and hospital patients all seemed to place a similar pattern of bodily response which he called universal Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), because it represented the bodys attempt to cope in an adaptive way with stress. He argued that GAS consisted of three formats alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion. After alarm reaction, the individual adapts and returns to normal functioning but by and by prolonged stress exhaustion occurs which can lead to development of stress-related illnesses.Alarm reaction stage This stage deals with acute stressors and involves part of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic sick outline (ANS). The activity in sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) increases. This is goled by electrical impulses through nerves. Selye however emphasized the fictitious character of HPA in his account and argued that the alarm reaction develops 6-48 hours after stress a nd includes unchewable tone loss, drop in body temperature and decrease in coloured and spleen size.Resistance stage In this stage the body adapts to the demands of the environment. As it proceeds however, the parasympathetic nervous system requires more careful use of body resources in order to cope. This stage is initially marked by an increase in the size of the adrenal glands and a decrease in some pituitary activity like the production of growth hormone. If the stress is not too much then the body returns to a near-normal state. debilitation stage If the stress is prolonged, the physiological systems used in alarm reaction and resistance stage become ineffective and the initial symptoms like change magnitude sum of money rate, and sweating re-appear. In extreme cases, the damaged adrenal mantle leads to failure of the parasympathetic system and collapse of the bodys immune system lead to likelihood of stress related diseases like high blood pressure, bronchial asthma and heart disease.Selyes interrogation identified major components of stress response and he alerted medicine to the importance of stress and disease. Previous researchers had not properly apprehended the damaging effects of prolonged exposure to stress.There are limitations with this research however, as Selye did not pay much attention to SAM system, and he did not understand fully the relationship between HPA and SAM systems. He also exaggerated when he stated that stress always produces the same physiological pattern. Selye has been criticised for using animals to support his research on human responses to stress. He also assumed that plenty respond in a supine way to stress but Mason (1975) argued that at that place is an active dish of psychological appraisal when people confront a stressor.Workplace stress Marmot et al.s (1997) deal aimed to investigate the negative correlation between problem wangle and stress-related illness in male and female civil servants. It was a ssumed that job influence is negatively correlated with stress-related illnesses.10,308 civil servants between 35 and 55 years were investigated over three years and job control was metrical through self-report survey and independent assessment by personnel managers. furrow control was assessed on two occasions, three years apart and records of stress related illnesses kept and then a correlational abstract carried out.It was base out that those with moo jobs control were four times believably to fatigue of heart attack than those with high job control. They were also more likely to suffer from other stress-related disorders. On both occasions that job control was measured, the findings were consistent and there was a considerable association even after other factors like job demands, social support employment cross and risk factors for coronary heart disease had been accounted for.As indicated by the figure of stress-related illnesses, it shows that low job control is ass ociated with high stress. As the job control decreases, the illness increases, that is, there is an opposite social gradient in stress-related illness (negatively correlated).This however does not fully support the job-strain model because it does not show that high demand is linked to illness and the jobs performed by those high and low in job control also differed in several ways other than simply control. The self-report method is vulnerable to investigator effects and thespian reactivity bias and also weaknesses of the correlational method mean that there is no control over job control as a variable and this makes interpretation difficult as the cause and effect cannot be inferred.Personality factors, including Type A behaviour Friedman and Rosemans (1974) carried out a study to test if there was any association between Type A behaviour and Coronary heart disease (CHD). They wanted to test their observations as cardiologists that their patients displayed a common behaviour pat tern consisting of impatience, competitiveness and hostility.Around 3200 muscular men of 39-59 years from California were selected and assessed over 8 years. They were interviewed, observed and spirit type and current health status assessed. There was a critique 8 years later when CHD was recorded and a correlation analysis was carried out.257 participants of the original sample of 3200 had developed CHD during the 8 years 70% of whom had been sort as type A, nearly twice as many as Type Bs. This remained the same even when other factors associated with heart disease like smoking, obesity and blood pressure were taken into account.This research shows that the Type A behaviour pattern is linked to CHD and they concluded that this pattern increases the individuals experience of stress which increases physiological reactivity hence high vulnerability to CHD. The high levels of stress hormones indicate that Type A person experience more stress than Type B.The evidence has successf ully been applied for example Friedman, Tordoff and Ramirez (1986) reported on the Recurrent Coronary Prevention project which aimed to modify type A behaviour and so reduce CHD in participants who had experienced a heart attack.This study has a limitation however, in that it was an experimental study and so the cause and effect cannot be established other studies have failed to show the link between Type A and CHD. It has also proved fairly difficult to repeat the findings of Friedman and Rosenman (1974).All the above three areas show that there is a direct link between stress and illness. Stress affects people through cognitive and behavioural which lead to physiology of stress in the body hence weakened immune system and likelihood of illnesses.

What Happens When We Die Religion Essay

What Happens When We Die Religion Essay final stage is an issue that we separately face no matter what our per newsal beliefs be so What Happens When We Die?, is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the greatest questions of aliveness. Gener in ally we be very(prenominal) reluctant to think of our own expiry. finale is a great counterpoise and no matter what or whom you atomic number 18 in livelihood, eventually we all subscribe to to face the macrocosm of dying. Is terminal the end of our consciousness and hu bit creations? In spite of hundreds divisions of research, Science tail assembly non prove when or where breeding began.Researchers open found that the human nervous scheme and brain start largely through with(predicate) electrical impulses. The brain requires rakehell and oxygen to function, when breathing, if our blood circulation is impaired, the brain simply does non function or ceases completely. Humans ar a complex structure composed of m both co-oper ating interactions within our bodies. We h ancient up a desire to understand and influence, search for explanations through our natural speciality and yet, we be so preoccupied with the everyday bear ons of our lives that finish is pushed into the background until we win for to face it through the deprivation of a love one.Our thoughts turn to their demise and we decide whether we believe they ar gone to a better pace, is in that respect a better life aft(prenominal) expiry, does ending bring a new life, are our de voxed loved ones sleeping and awaiting reawakening, or does finish signify non human universes .(Atheist). The sheer grief and pain of finale, the loss of a loved one causes affirming for those left behind. We carry out an set to the highest degree of customs during the burial of our dead, we commemorate them in memory of their lives as creation has a need to go through a ritual in order to try to understand what happens when we die. Is it averageal to want a afterwardlife life after death or is death necessary as our limited conception can non conceivably harbinger all life constantly?We question What is Death? What is life? Is death a simple and definable end to life? Where does our record go when the bond between our sensible body is dissolved? Is death permanent? We wonder whether upon death when our carnal body disintegrates what happens to our reason?. If we do return, do humans keep the baron carry memories of past events into their present life?. Our attempts to understand death baffle concern, contr oversy, self-questioning and rationalisation.In every purification when a loved one dies ceremonies are held by family and friends to reminisce about the dead. Universally, although cultures differ, praying plays a highly important naval division during the death Lords Supper. The finality of death is frightening and humankind generate dealt with their loss since the beginning of time through ceremonies whic h us to get through what we dont understand. Death has been depicted by macabre images such(prenominal) as the Grim harvester coming to take away a psyches soul. The scythe is a type that he reaps the soul of both saints and sinner a manage The Harvest of Souls. tangible death is the Bottom of Form 1cessation of bodily functions, when your bosom stops beating, your brain stops to function and you stop breathing. It is also the part of the connection between our spirit from our bodily body and when consciousness finally vanishs our human make believe to go to the next life. The mind or soul is not a physical part of our bodies, it is formless and a recount entity from our human body form. Questions are raised upon death when the body disintegrates at death does our consciousness cease? This is where we search for phantasmal answers through religion, creators, God, Gods and Goddesses.During our lives we try to find answers to the umteen questions we start about death and m an, since the beginning of time, man has tried to conceive a way to escape death. Questions range from Is death permanent? Does our spirit carry on in an new(prenominal) form and at a deeper level of consciousness? Can be reincarnated and write out back to Earth? If we are reincarnated are all of our previous memories erased? Is thither a creator who go forth welcome us into our new globe? Are we merely a collection of cells, molecules, skin and are we fair(a) an early(a) cycle of nature? Are we a natural part of evolution? Is in that location an futurity? Is our physical demise pro tem? Where, if anywhere, do we go?Scientists find it difficult to accept a life after death theory. However, they hurl to accept unintelligible natural phenomena and near other realms of reality through their own facts based on Quantum Mechanics. Death can be considered either as the end of creative activity or as a transition to another articulate of being or consciousness. The Hindus deal w ith death by sideing life as an illusion and learning through the levels of reincarnation the true meaning of life and both religion and mythology concern themselves with what happens to our essence after physical death.There are many an(prenominal) causes of death such as the natural process of aging, natural death, illness, disease, suicide, homicide, natural disasters, accidents and wars. Universally, death rituals can vary extensively depending on religion, race and culture however, rituals and ceremonies are cross cultural such preparation of the corpse for a funeral and the ceremony surround the disposing of the corpse. Although practices may differ from culture to culture, death ceremonies are the norm and can include a three day watch of the corpse, group of relations and friends to mourn their departed right through to elaborate rituals which go on for weeks.The Ancients flourished on a social structure where rites of ancestor adoration and spiritual beliefs were the no rm. The Celtic Druids had a strong belief in hold and believed in the reincarnation of the soul into another form hence they did not fear death. The ancient Egyptians practiced forms of ancestor worship and believed in transition after death and considered death as merely a temporary interruption. The Mayans were a very religions stack who lived in fear of their destructive Gods so their funerals were held with great respect and ceremony. Shamanism is based on the belief that pot likker and invisible entities permeate our visible world. The Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the son of God and came down to earth to rid them of original sin therefore saving their souls and after death, returning to God in en crystalliseenment. Jehovahs Witnesses believe that the record is the Manual for Life, Jesus is the Son of God however, they are not Trinitarian. On their death they sleep until God calls everyone who has departed this Earth for Judgement mean solar day and those who l ived their lives according to the Bible, will live back on Earth and be reigned by a Council in Heaven.Taking the Bible as an physical exercise we determine that the cry Heaven, which is used in a strictly textile signification as forming a part of the created universe. In Genesis i.1, In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. The ancient Hebrews, however, soak upm to have socialise strange notions as to the structure of the real(a) Heaven, believing it to be a full-blooded arch resting on pillars, and having foundations. Thus, in Job xxvi. 11, the pillars of Heaven tremble, and we are astonished at his reproof. In other passages of the Bible Heaven is compared to a curtin, or the covering of a tent, as in Ps. civ.2, Who coverest thyself with calorie-free as with a garment who stretchest out the heavens like a curtin.The ancient Jews believed that there were several different Heavens the demean, the mediate, and the terzetto or higher(prenominal) heavens. The lower level of Heaven was considered to take in the clouds and the atmosphere the middle as being the stellar or starry character and the third as being the Heaven of Heavens, or the habitation of God and his angels.The word Heaven is not only used in a material but also a spiritual virtuoso, to indicate the future base of the righteous after death. The belief in Heaven beyond the grave, accordingly, is not limited to Christians, being a recognized creed of Heathens, Jews, and Mohammadeans. Among the ancient Romans and Greeks, the Heaven to which the good ascended was named Elysium. The precise location of Elysium was a topic of debate for generations writers of clean antiquity declared the happiness of the souls in Elysium to be complete and allegedly, well-nigh believed that the departed souls would return to earth again.Eternal blessedness was, in view of the ancient Pagans, reserved for those who were distinguished for their exhalted virtues and who were accordingly admit ted into the society of the Gods and could, at any time, return to their ancestors on this earth. Summerland, a arse for resting of the soul until it is ready to compensate on a journey of self, until the person learned and escalated to the higher realms of pure(a) consciousness.Heaven of the Hindu culture is the absorption on Brahm and of the Buddhist, annihilation or Nirwana. The priesthood of the ancient Egyptians taught the immortality of the soul under the mane of Palingenesia, or second birth, being a return of the soul to the celestial spheres or its reabsorption into the absolute Being. This doctrine was allegedly inculcated only upon the illerate multitudes who could form no conception of the existence of the soul without the body.The ancient Scandinavians, believed in ii different heavens one, the castling of Odin which they named Valhalla where this divinity received all of those who died a violent death and the other called Gimli ( gift covered with gold), the everl asting home of the righteous where to enjoy ecstatic and deathless delights. Those received into the palace of Odin, heroes, believed that every day would be filled with fighting, eating, drunkenness and surrounded by virgins. Judaic Rabbis teach that there is an upper and lower paradise or heaven with a fixed pillar of Zion. On every Sabbath or festival, the righteous climb up and feed themselves with a glance of the Divine majesty until the end of the Sabbath or festival. The souls of the righteous, according to the Jewish Rabbis, do not ascent to the upper paradise immediately after they have left their body, but they are represented as undergoing a pervious kind of novitiate in the lower paradise, which is situated half(a) way between this corporal world and the upper Heaven.Mohammadeans believe in a Heaven prepared for the blessed among the faithful a place for those who are true to their religion and followers of the holy prophet Mohammed. Here, they shall overleap eternit y and shall join him in perpetual light and all celestial pleasures, always beautiful, in their full strength and vigour, ardenter than the sun, and thought worthy to see the face of the Most High God, and to adore him. They hold that there are eight Heavens of varying degrees.We have ported at varying traditions in the belief of Heaven and now shall look at the belief in Hell. Both in the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures there are two words, Sheol and Hades which are sometimes translated into hell but which denote the world of departed spirits in everyday while two other words Tartaros and Gehenna, signify the place of eternal punishment reserved for the immoral and wicked after death. The Amenti of ancient Egyptians, the Patala of the Hindus and the Orcus of the Romans, refer to a future state but the doctrine of a future punishment is found embody in all religious systems whether Christian, Heathen, Jewish or Mohammedean.Hell is believed to be a place of eternal torment, a botto mless pit, a dirt ball that never dies, the fire that shall never be quenched. The Jewish Rabbis believe in an upper and lower hell. Gehennon, to which the Talmud adds seven other names, is said to be use to seven mansions into which hell is divided. Many Jewish people believe in hell, not as an eternal dwelling-place of the wicked, but, to the Israelites at least, as a place of temporary purgatorial punishment. It is believed that the very wicked shall be eternally annihilated.The Mohammedeans, like the Jews, divide Hell which they call Gehennon, into seven portions, but they are not totally agree as to the inhabitants of these districts. The most common opinion is that Gehennon, is articled for those worshippers of the true God who have not acted up to the principles of the faith which they have professed the second division, called Lodha, is for the Christians the third named Hothama, is for Jews the fourth, denominated Sair, is destined for the Sabeans the fifth, called Sacar, is for Magicians or Geubres the sixty names Gehim, will received Pagans and idolaters, whilst the seventh, the most severe place of punishment within the utmost depths of the abyss, is named Hooviat, and reserved for the hypocritical professors of religion.The Hindus believe in a graduated shell of future punishments as well rewards the less wicked being drop down into a lower position in the next birth (reincarnation), the more(prenominal) wicked being sent down to one or other of the innumerable Hells, to reappear, however, on earth, in mineral, animal, and vegetable forms before they rise to the human, the most wicked of all beings doomed to invite the misery and woe and pitfall until the time of the dissolution of all things. The Buddhist tradition has a system of eight principal narakas, or places of torment, all of them situated in the indoor of the earth and so enclosed it makes it impossible for escape.Gnostics, (gnosis, knowledge), the general name utilize to variou s classes of pagans or heretics, arose in the early period of the Christian Church. They derived from the inform of philosophy and denoted a higher and esoteric science which was designed to deport the superiority of their doctrines to those of the Pagans and Jews. The systems of Gnosticism were various, all of them referable to two fixed historical centres, Syria and Egypt. Hence, there was a marked difference between the Syrian and the Alexandrian Gnosis, the former(prenominal) being characterized by a predominance of Dualism, the latter by a predominance of Pantheism.It is impossible to even cursorily examine Gnosticism in the modify aspect which is assumes, without being at almost every point reminded of the old religious systems of Asia, Buddhism, Parsiam and Brahmanism. Gnostics believed in intuitions and symbols rather than conceptions. In the eye of the Gnostic everything became hyposaterized, which, to the Hesperian thinker existed only as a conception.The foundation o f most of the Gnostic systems lies in the idea of two different and opposite worlds, the one region of light, the other the region of darkness one a region of naturalness and the other of sin a superior world and an small world. The cardinal source of being was the Bythos (like the Brahm) of Hinduism in which was an invisible, incomprehensible being, enjoying perfect quiescence and from whom all emanations proceeded. Following their line of thought, they alleged the God or Jehovah of the Jews to be Demiurge, and the law they promulgated in the Old will to be inferior and imperfect whereas, the law which Christ promulgated in The New Testament was the expression of the mind of the Bythos or Unknown Father. Most Gnostics key outedly believed that redemption rested merely on knowledge and that a man who feature knowledge needed no more.The realisation of human mortality lives with each and every human being and ghost stories, spirits and hauntings have been a part of our history, handed down from generation to generation. We are taught about spirits, Witches, Angels, Demons, Gods and Goddesses and the telepathic world is rich in psychics, supernatural events, divination and with people who have real start outs with the paranormal such as out of body dwells, pack interaction with ghostly phenomena and unspoiled death experiences.Sceptics cannot ignore or dissolve paranormal go onrences just as Science cannot explain the unexpected e.g., apparitions, ghosts, hauntings, orbs or the supernatural. To sum up, no matter what our personal faith, belief, religions, culture or race, it is up to you whether you believe that the evidence is strong enough to justify your belief in paranormal, the supernatural and an afterlife. go about death experiences (NDE), the age-old debate, have been occurring for centuries. In the year 360 BC, Plato writes about a soldier named Er who recalled his NDE. Near death experiences are quite common and have been recorded through history. You may have heard someone who nearly died saying that they experienced their whole life flashing right before their eyes.NDEs have been a part of mankinds existence for thousands of years, as some ancient civilizations have recorded these supernatural encounters. With this history, many different explanations have come as to what could be the cause, or if the afterlife is real.Millions of cases are documented worldwide of NDEs, or near-death experiences. As they are such a common occurrence, Scientists have conducted research into thousands, if not millions, of cases. During the past 30 years, near-death experiences have been the focus of intense Scientific studies at Universities and Medical Centres about the world and they can no longer dismiss this phenomenon as psychotic beliefs, chemical changes in the brain just prior to death, or as a pharmacologically induced experience. Science has questioned and studied NDEs experiences and one thing agreed on by all those inv olved in research is that near death experiences really do exist.No two near death experiences are the same they are as unique and as someone as the person who goes through this experience. People who suffer severe trauma, clinical death, or those who nearly die, have reported similar traits during their near-death experience and many believe it to be very real and have significantly changed the views on life, spirituality and particularly their views on death. Some common experiences do occur however, not all NDEs follow a pattern.Common traits that have been wide documented with NDE includeFeelings of Peace and TerrorThese feelings may include sufferance of death, total calmness, feelings of quiescence, being emotional and physically comforted. The person sees a bright as a new penny(predicate) light filling the live which they interpret as Heaven or God. Then there are those cases documented of people who do not have a feeling of peace, did not meet with family or well-disp osed spirits. Rather, they experienced terror as while being attacked and upset by demons.(OBE) Out-of-body ExperiencesThe person feels that they have left their physical body. They observe from above, often describing the muckle of doctors working on him. In some cases, the subjects spirit then wing out of the room, into the sky and sometimes into space. We have all heard stories about someone on the verge of death seeing a bright light at the end of a long tunnel, revealing that they have entered another dimension or realm, seeing spiritual entities and deceased family, friends and loved ones.The persons spirit may take a bit of time to look around and then notice a bright light. The light may start out to be small and then become larger as the spirit of the person moves toward it. In some cases there is not a tunnel, but a very bright light that fills the room. The light is brighter than anything the person has ever experienced on Earth, but they are not bothered by the it.Gen eral feelings that people experience include euphoria and report floating feelings and beautiful visions of scenic places. The majority of people who experience near-death say they feel very happy with a wonderful sense of calm and belonging.Another Realm or DimensionOther people that experience NDEs say that they are led to another realm, most have commanding experiences however, a few have reported a blackball experience in which they get a feeling of loss of get the hang and falling into a deep bottomless chasm.Near death experiences moves the person beyond this natural world and into worlds unseen, usually commencing with a tunnel of light which they are compelled to enter. This bright light pulls them into another realm and, as they leave this world behind, they experience sightings of spirits, family and their departed friends. Lastly, they experience a life review, where one sees their entire worldly life in fast forward.Once on the other side, they have reported being s urrounded by entities, some of them they knew were dead and others who are there to talk to them. Some report being told certain things and are asked to go back to their bodies.The most common report for survivors of outer body experience(OBE) is that people feel they have been given a glimpse into Heaven as they encounter beings of light, or other representations of spiritual entities.Spiritual Beings and EntitiesWhen a person experiences NDE most report that the feeling surrounding the spiritual beings and entities are pleasurable, and they feel completely disassociated with their physical body, have the business leader to see through walls and they relate stories about what was happening outside the room where their physical body was pronounced clinically dead. Some report the enigmatical or mystical elements emit a sense of complete peace and contentment and, on their return after communication with the spirits or entities, it has been reported by many people and they describe a antheral voice telling them that it is not their time and to go back to their earthly physical body.Returning to the Physical BodyOn returning to their physical body, in most cases, they have a sense of being reborn, desire to learn more about themselves, are stronger, self confident and espouse a life of truth with heightened appreciation and contentment. The typical near-death survivor emerges from their experience determined to live life to the fullest and most do not fear death.Negative NDE ExperiencesUnfortunately, for others, the experience may not be a positive one. Some people have said they have increased fear, suffer from depression, and focus more on death. However, thankfully, it is a very small luck that experience negativity after recovering from their NDE.Many survivors of NDE struggle with a fear of mental illness, ridicule and fear of rejection. Problems associated with shun experiences of NDE include depression, isolation, with a difficulty in explaining th eir experience to their family or to the medical profession and unwarranted due to their difficulty after this experience to return to their previous beliefs.Those who experience a negative NDE can become very distressed, retreat into themselves, take years to adjust a near-death experience, believe that their experience was a hallucination rather than a real experience, fear to seek help or counselling and may feel that they have lost control over their minds. For these people, their mental stability is challenged as is their belief systems. The effects of those who experience negative NDE are often life-altering.No Scientific explanation to date can account or explain all of the aspects of near death experiences, wherefore they happen or what are the causes and effects. NDEs follow a broad general pattern that crosses cultures they remain in memory for decades as being realer than real. Scientists have delved into various forms of studies and a couple of examples include lack of oxygen is not a factor in all NDEs, nor is the presence of drugs or practice of medicine responsible.Sceptics have a big problem with the belief in Near Death Experience because it is impossible to define the line between when life and death occurs. Definitions of death can vary from continent to continent and from culture to culture e.g. what makes a person?, Define the soul or spirit in a person? and as none of this can be proved scientifically. However, this does not discount the real fact that many open and honest people have near-death experiences and that Scientists and Medical Practitioners have investigated the phenomena with no solid result or evidence to refute their experiences.

The need for reward management and systems

The take up for recompense management and systemsReward management is non just astir(predicate) money. As sh decl ar in the above diagram, it is c formerlyrned with intrinsic as social unitsome as external rewards and with non- monetary as well as fiscal rewards. inwrought rewards arise from the nature the trading it ego. Decenzo and Robbins ( 2005, p.274) stated that intrinsic rewards argon self initiated rewards c ar pride in ones work, a sense of accomplishment or being theatrical role of the job. Intrinsic rewards cogitate to responsibility and achievement they atomic number 18 inherent in privates and non imposed from outside. On the sepa appraise hand, extrinsic rewards arise from the factors associated with the job context such as monetary rewards, promotion and benefits. They ar external to the job and come from outside source.All reward systems ar ground on the assumptions of draw and quartering, retaining and motivating populate. Rewards ar of two vitrine Financial and non-financial rewards. M either pack view money as the fillet of sole motivator but mevery studies deport found that among employees surveyed, an some other(prenominal) non financial reward besides trigger them and influence the level of murder. A youthful study of reward formula by CIPDs shows that higher proportion of employers absorb adopted a total reward address, in which they try to dress the financial and non-financial elements.Non financial rewards in nowadays accession workers financial position. It differs from workers to workers. For example an employee whitethorn abide by off-keyice furniture and other whitethorn find it ineffectual whereas financial rewards outho role be charters, bonuses, or indirectly remunerative crazy leaves and compensable vacation. They be mainly of three types such as gelt sharing, job evaluation and merit rating. However, Decenzo and Robbins (2005) classified financial rewards as sh induce in the diagram above as surgical procedure found, implied membership based and obvious membership based. They mentioned that consummation based use commissions, piecework net profit plans, inducing system, sort bonuses, merit or other node of representment for work whereas membership based rewards include be of living cast ups, benefits and salary increases attributable to the fatigue market conditions, seniority, qualifications, and specialised skill. Membership-based rewards may pull out many employees on the whole when the extent of the reward increases with seniority. Though, thither are drawbacks They discourage poor performers from loss and throng from leaving the organization, they indirectly activate job functioning. However, Seniority-based rewards lessen upset because the cost of leaving raise with the employers duration of service.2.3 carryoff MANAGEMENT relate TO THEORIES OF MOTIVATIONEmployees motivation depends on the perception of achieving the reward , i.e. their expectations. Motivation speculation describes why people at work act in the manner they do, and what presidential terms earth-closet do to persuade people to apply their reasons and abilities in ship mintal that testament help to achieve the organisations goals as well as satisfying their own ineluctably. Everyone has their own inevitably and a different set of goals. Employees can do themselves in different ways that go away guide them to expect that their goals impart be achieved whereas management can motivate people through systems like fabricate, promotion and praise.Motivation is distinguished because there is reward. People work because they welcome revenue to knock off on their individual, family and society needs. Some needs are the basics of life, what individual needs to survive physiologic everyy. Maslow defined the hierarchy of needs with essential physiological needs at the base and going up through safety, social needs and ends in the ne ed for self-fulfillment. However, some critics localize that there is precise empirical evidence to support this model. Herzberg differentiated surrounded by firstly hygiene extrinsic factors such as counterbalance and organisation schema and measures that depart cause dissatisfaction in the workplace if absent or insufficient. Secondly, motivators which are intrinsic factors such as the worth of the work, attainment, appreciation, responsibility and potential drop for growth which leave alone positively motivate people. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzbergs twain Factor Theory are a content system of motivation. They twain suggest that needs should be satisfied for the employee to be motivated but, Herzberg present that only the higher levels of the Maslow Hierarchy (e.g. self- substantialisation, esteem needs) act as a motivator. The remaining needs can only cause dissatisfaction if not explained clearly. then he stated that satisfaction and dissatisfaction wer e not necessary connect.Taylor developed his theory of scientific management where he make three assumptions in his reflexion Man is concerned with maximising money, People are go throughed as individuals and they can be treated like machines. Taylor had analyzed what motivated people at work which was money. He though workers should be paid for what they worked and stipend should be associated to the amount produced Workers who work less would be paid less and Workers who did to a great(p)er extent than than usual would be paid much. The main limitation in Taylors approach is that it overlook that from each(prenominal) one individual is unique Secondly, money is not an important motivation for everyone. Taylor ignored the fact that people work for reasons other than financial reward.Other theories of motivation prepare been developed as well which are believed to focus on cognitive or process theories that are how people consider their reward. Expectancy theory distinguis hes two factors of appreciate and probability. People value reward according to the level it satisfies their needs of security, community esteem, achievement and autonomy. Armstrong as well as agrees with the fact that Expectancy is the likelihood that reward depends on effort where there is more effort, the higher the reward but Marchington and Wilkinson (2006, p.325) argue that this is not a fixed and there may be other sets of expectation at different times. For that effort to be useful to the organisation, individuals need to flummox the coif ability and the right perception of their intention. The theory implies that low motivation will be product of jobs where there is little worker control. (Marchington and Wilkinson 2006, p.326)Two other theories of motivation are significant to reflect on. Latham and Locke developed goal theory which describes that both performance and motivation are cleansed if people have challenging and monitored goals but accepted when there is fe edback on performance. On the other hand, Equity Theory which advocates that people are more motivated when they are treated equitably and demotivated if they are treated inequitable while they merit more than that.2.4 STRATEGIC REWARDSReward strategy is a declaration of flavor that defines what the organization wants to do in the longer term to develop and apparatus reward policies, practices and processes that will further the achievement of its pedigree goals and meet the needs of its stakeholders. (Armstrong 2006, p.643) Reward is more than honorarium and benefits. Thus, a reward strategy essential consider many aspects of the workplace in order to both attract and keep high value employees doing the correct things in the correct way so that they the organisation is successful.Reward policies provide guidelines for the implementation of reward strategies and the design and management of reward process. Basically, every employer must obey four study policies (White Druke r 2000) internal alignment, external competitiveness, employee contributions, management of the pay system. Many research and studies on reward strategy has revealed that people are difficult and motivation is a complex process. What is obvious is that while financial reward is essential, for many people other factors are also, and can be more, important. Rewards are designed to parent behaviour that will contribute directly to the achievement of the organisations objective.Reward systems should be in line with the followingHR StrategyBusiness Strategy placement CultureThe elements of reward management and their inter dealingship can be shown in the figure 1.2Figure 2.2 Rewards management elements and interrelationshipsSource Michael Armstrong, 2006, A Handbook of valet Resources focal point Practice, p.630The elements of a rewards management system are tune evaluationJob evaluation is an organized method for defining the relative value or size of jobs within an organisation in order to add internal relativities. It provides the basis for designing a fair grade and pay structure, grading jobs in the structure, managing job and pay relativities and guiding the success of cost pay for work of satisfactory worth. However, there has been many criticism of job evaluation by some HR practitioners, in the late eighties and early 1990s A numbers of major charges were made against it in many organisation. Critics argued that it was not only bureaucratic and rigid, but also long and unsuitable in to solar days organisations.2.4.2 Grade and net StructurePay grade is a system indicating rate and shows the rate at which an employee receives basic pay. It is also a means to compare ranks, which may have different name in the different services. Pay grades facilitate the employment method by providing a flat range of salary whereas Pay structure refers to the variant levels of pay for jobs or groups of jobs by referring to their point as determined by job evaluat ion as compare to market rate surveys. it provides cranial orbit for pay increment in accordance with competence or contribution. food market Rate AnalysisMarket rate tell us the actual salary of some jobs. It is determined by the forces of demand and supply of the travail market. If an organisation pays below the market rate then it will probably have trouble in recruiting and retaining suitable cater. To know the market rate an organisation has to do pay surveys. It helps to obtain and keep high character reference staff and response to market hugs.There are some(prenominal) ways in which a company can obtain data on market rate such as Local employment agencies, Job centres, Job adverts in national newspapers2.4.4 Contingent PayContingent pay measures what do we value and what we are ready to pay for? It refers pay for individual that is related to performance, competence, contribution or service.Employee BenefitsBenefits can be defined as all the indirect financial paymen ts an employee receives for continuing his or her employment with the company. Benefits are generally available to all firms employees and includes such things as time off with pay, health and life insurance, and child care facilities. (Dessler 1997, p503)Today many organisations at tend benefits to be an important approach in reward management in order to achieve a competitive advantage in cranch markets. Both financial and non-financial benefits play an important function when it comes to attract, keep and motivate employees. As an addition to base pay financial benefits may improve an organisations ability to attract and retain employees, and non-financial benefits allows organisations to meet the specific needs of the employees.AllowancesAllowances may be regarded as supererogatory to base pay. Example of it may be meal allowances where some employees in any organsation are given a sum of money for a meal. mental process ManagementPerformance Management refers to a process, w hich frequently measures work as it occurs. It is a way of obtaining die results by managing performance according to set of planned goals and competency achievements. It motivates people to do the right things by specifying their goal.Non-Financial RewardsIt refers to rewards that are not related to pay but rather satisfaction arising from the job itself like recognition, success, responsibility, autonomy, and leadership skill. fall RemunerationTotal earnings refers to all the monetary reward and benefits than an employee reliable for working in the organisation.Total RewardsA total reward refers to all the rewards that exist like financial aspects of reward of basic pay, any bonuses and additional financial benefits with the non-financial benefits at the personal and organisational level. WorldatWork (2006) introduced a total rewards framework that proposed to declare the concept and help practitioners think and implement in new ways. Today, professionals in general use the t erms total rewards, total compensation or compensation and benefits to describe the joint strategies. There are five elements of total rewards, each of which includes programs, practices, elements and dimensions that to discombobulateher define an organizations strategy to attract, motivate and keep employees. These elements are hireBenefitsWork-LifePerformance and RecognitionDevelopment and Career Opportunities2.5 INDIVIDUAL REWARD brassMany sectors of employment use remuneration systems that contain direct relations to individual performance and results. On an individual basis this may be payment by results (PBR) for example bonus, piecework, commission, work-measured synopsiss and pre-determined motion time systems, measured day work (MDW), appraisal/performance related pay, market-based pay and competency and skills based pay.2.5.1 Performance Related PayPerformance-related pay (PRP) is a method of remuneration that links pay progression to an estimation of individual perfor mance. Performance pay may be defined as any remuneration practice in which part or all of remuneration is based directly and explicitly on employees assessed work behaviour and/or measured results (Shields 2007, p.348). Performance related pay is generally used where employee performance cannot be appropriately measured in terms of output produced or sales achieved. analogous piece-rates and commission, performance related pay is a form of incentive pay. undivided performance is reviewed frequently (usually once per year) against agreed objectives is known as performance appraisal. Then employees are classified into performance groups which determine what the reward will be. The method of reward involves a cash bonus and/or increase in wage rate or salary.However performance related pay is not very understandable in the mind of researchers. Thorpe and Homan (2000) accounts both for research stating that one of the main advantages of performance related pay is that it attract an d retain good employee while other research indicates that performance-related pay fails to motivate and that the employees generally regard the performance-related pay system as unfair in practice.Some drawbacks may be rewarding employees individually does very little to encourage teamwork and, such schemes also usually carried out only once a year assessment and payout, which may weaken any incentive effect. If a worker rated less than satisfactory receives no increase at all under an appraisal pay scheme their motivation and team spirit may be badly affected. Thus, it is important to focus appraisals on the assessment of performance, the identification of training needs and the setting of objectives, not on any dependent pay.2.5.2 Individual Payment by Results (PBR)The aim of any PBR scheme is to provide a direct relationship between pay and productivity the more trenchantly the employee works, the higher their pay. This direct link means that incentives are stronger than in o ther schemes. However, in recent years traditional bonus, piecework and work-measured schemes have decreased, as many employers have moved to 360-degree feedback, also known as multi-rater feedback that is employee phylogeny feedback that comes from all around the employee. Nevertheless, payment by result fails because textile shortages or delays can affect production and Individual skills are not rewarded and indeed the most skilled may be put onto more complicated and potentially less rewarding work.2.5.3 Piecework, Bonus Schemes and CommissionPiecework is the easiest method of PBR workers are paid at a particular rate for each piece of output. This means the system is simple to operate and understand, although open to the blemish that it is often at the expense of superior. Pieceworkers must be paid at least the national minimum wage.Incentive bonus schemes is where for instance an spare payment is paid when production exceeds the established threshold, or where there is a raise in sales which surpasses given targets. Variable bonuses can also be paid in relation to performances achieved against pre-determined standards so that the higher the performance achieved, the greater the level of bonus produced. However, Armstrong (2006, p.635) mentioned that bonus payment are related to achievement of profit and or to other financial targets.magazine rates are used when employees are paid for the quantity of time they spend at work. The common form of time rate is the weekly wage or monthly wage. Generally the time rate is fixed in relation to a standard working week (e.g. 40 hours per week). Time worked above this standard is known as overtime. Overtime is generally paid more than the standard time-rate. It reflects the extra contribution of the employee. The main advantages of time-rate pay are that they are appropriate for organisations that desire to employ workers to present general roles (e.g. financial management, administration, and maintenance) wher e employee performance is not easy to evaluate.Commission is a payment made to employees based on the value of sales achieved. For example, in sales jobs, the marketer may be paid a plough manage of the selling value or a flat amount of each unit change (Werther Davis 1997 p.411). The rate of commission depends on the selling price and the amount of effort required in making the sale. Armstrong (2006, p.638) stated that commission provide a direct financial incentives and attract high performing sales staff.2.5.4 deliberate Day WorkMeasured day work (MDW) has been developed from both individual PBR and basic wage rate scheme. Salary is constant and does not vary in the short time provided that that the targeted performance is maintained. MDW systems need performance standards to be placed through some framework and undergo modifications as required. It involves full commitment of management, workers and trade amounts. The pay structure is regularly hypothesise by job evaluat ion and with full employee agreement. MDW is now somewhat unusual. It suits organisations where a high, secure, expected level of performance is required, rather than highest potential individual performance.2.5.5 Market-Based PayMarket-based pay refers to the salary level available in the market for the alike type of work. Factors that help to consider the market rate are the skills that are necessary are widely accessible, the unemployment level in general versus the employment rate and the jobs requirement for specialised skills. It is usually used in coalition with other rewarding scheme like performance appraisal, but may be element of a reward strategy integrating several performance elements.2.5.6 Competency and skills-based payCompetency and skills-based pay schemes are more common nowadays. There a direct relationship between the attainment, development and effective use of skills and competencies and the individuals pay. Competency and skills-based schemes measure what t he employee is inputting to the job. Competency based systems have let more popular because many organisations use competencies in staffing and in performance appraisal for non-pay reason, such as training. There is an increasing front for pay to be associated to the abilities of the individual. Competency based pay is used together with an existing individual performance related pay scheme and will reward them not on the basis of their performance but competencies. leaders skill or team-working may be examples of competencies. Reward is given for the skills already gained and for the acquirement of new skills that would be helpful in other jobs in the same job band. This can promote multi-skilling and improved flexibility.2.6 GROUP AND ORGANISATIONAL REWARD SYSTEMSGroup pay schemes include those based on the performance of the team, graft or company. Team-based pay gained its importance with the increased interest in teamworking. It reflects the performance of the team. It is no t easy to define the team, the goals, and the right reward. Peer group pressure can also be useful in increasing the performance of the whole team. Company based performance pay schemes are based on the whole organisation performance. The most common forms of this system tend to be based on overall acquire (profit sharing), gainsharing systems. They are effective where communications and employment relations are good overlap incentive plans involve the provision of shares to employees. In the journal of knowledge management, Milkovich and Wigdor, (1991) said Team-based rewards may potentially result in a loss of motivation because of feelings of injustice due to a get the pictured free-riding of other team members and the use of an equivalence principle when allocating rewards rather than an equity-based principle. (Milne 2007, p.33)2.6.1 GainsharingGainsharing is a pay scheme that links workers pay to the success of organisational goals by rewarding performance above a pre-det ermined target. This is endlessly led by measures of productivity, performance and quality. Gainsharing aims to develop these indicators by improving communications, staff involvement and promoting teamwork. It should be element of a full long-term strategy to maintain an effective system through involvement and sharing. It may indeed be used as a substitute for bonus/piecework schemes, where quality is at times lost to quantity. The whole employees and management who have any association in the product of the organisation should be integrated in any gainshare plan. Marchington and Wilkinson (2006, p. 336) pointed out that such scheme have the merit that employees perceive their contribution to the total effort of the organisation and they do not consider themselves as individual units. They further mentioned that gainsharing plan will affect the role of trade coalescency as their collective bargaining will become less important in determining wages or union will think employees will be more committed to the organiastion.2.6.2 service SharingProfit Sharing means rewarding employees a percentage of the companys profits. Singh (2006, p 385) defines profit sharing usually involves the determination of organizations profits at the end of the fiscal year and the distribution of a percentage of the profits to workers qualified to share in the earnings. Profit sharing helps employees to form part of oganisation success. However, Beardwell and Holden (1997, p.574) argued that there is little evidence that such schemes have any great consequence on the performance, motivation or attitudes of employees.2.6.3 Share Ownership SchemesBusinesses whose shares are traded on a stock exchange can offer shares to its lustrous employees. This compensation method can motivate employees to be committed to the business in the long run.There are different schemes available which companies can use to offer shares such as2.6.3.1 Share Incentive SchemesUnder this scheme employer gi ves employees shares directly or ask them to buy. This motivates staff to be involved in the performance of the company. The Share Incentive Plan, previously known as the employee share ownership plan. For example, In the UK, a company using an ESOP can give employees shares worth up to 3,000 each year.2.6.3.2 Savings Related Share Option Schemes (SAYE)All employees and directors benefit from this scheme All scheme members get the right to buy a number of shares (normally at a start price than their current price) after three, five or seven years. In this period of time, employee members save an expected amount to pay for the shares. If the shares increase in price, employees have a profit when they buy the shares. No income tax is paid on any gains made on these shares.2.7 INFLUENCES ON PAY lastAccording to Beardwell and Holden (1997 p.555) the pay system is affected by the following2.7.1 Beliefs close to the Importance of the JobIf a job is considered to be of high value, the s alary scale of the job will be higher as compared to other jobs.2.7.2 Personal CharacteristicsIndividual characteristics like age, experience, education, skill affect the salary of a person.2.7.3 Labour MarketThe demand and supply of labour affect pay determination. A business will have to match its pay with that of its competitors beforehand setting its own pay structure.2.7.4 The Strategies and Policies of the CompanyEach company has it own remuneration policy and strategy that determine the salary of its employees.2.7.5 Government Rules and regularisationThe government usually intervene for the welfare of employees like we have the equal opportunity achievement, employment right Act 2008, and the employment relation Act 2008. Organisations have to consider all these Act before setting a fair compensation program.2.7.6 Power of Bargaining GroupTrade union action may affect the pay level. They can bargain for an increase in salary.2.7.7 Cost of LivingDue to high inflation rate, the cost of living tends to increase. Thus, this may affect the salary of employee.

Jesus Dual Nature Are Divine And Human At Once Religion Essay

saviour forked Nature Are Divine And Hu composition At Once trust Essay universe one of the enigmatic figures in history and in the word of honor, the person of savior delivery boy is the Second Person of the Most blessed Trinity, the Son or the word of the gravel. more than importantly, he is characterised by his triple nature which are divine and benignant at same time. disdain the trend of a new quest for the historical saviour by Kase firearmn in 1950-1980s, this paper leave mainly focus on the biblical mapation of messiah as savior of Faith. Hence, this paper will distill on how messiah was portrayed in the Bible and in Christology (from Hellenic christos) and who deliverer Christ is from a theological perspective. At the end of this essay, I will deal with the implications of the Christian doctrine on the person of Jesus.Jesus himself suggests his pre- globe in a number of texts in the New volition. He say he had glory with the father before the world w as ( tin offer 175), which implied his existence prior to all things.1The prophecies on Christ in the Old will encompass his birth place, the fact that he would be born of a Virgin Mother, death and resurrection.It must be noned at the initiatory place that Jesus is not half beau ideal and half man instead, he is fully divine and fully man at the same time, i.e. he has a dual nature. He is not merely a mankind being who neither had beau ideal within him nor is he deity who manifested his principle through a physical person, rather, the two distinct natures co-exist and unit in the person of Jesus, which is also called the hypostatic compass north.2Jesus is represented as the beginning of the woman, the son of David and the prince of pastors. The following features demonstrate Jesus inherent military manity he was called man (Mark 1539 John 195), has a embody of flesh and bones (Luke 2439) and was tempted (Matt. 41). He had human emotions such(prenominal) as distress and s orrow he was equally subject to hunger. More significantly, he had a human soul (Luke 2346) and died. I shall precede the issue of the son of man and resurrection of Jesus later in this paper. For the present, it seems axiomatic that Jesus identified himself with men and was truly man. He was explicitly named the servant who offered himself for the sins of the entire world, suffered and extradited himself as the One representing all human beings. This fully human aspect of Jesus received support from arianism and ebionitism, which viewed Christ as a man born naturally, but was rejected by docetism arguing that the human features of Christ were mere appearances.3The Gnostics also denied to Jesus a true human nature. Nonetheless, the above views were both rejected at Church Councils and the idea of the union of the two separate natures in one person was upheld.Besides this wildness on Jesus true humanity, in that location has always been stressed that he was sinless. In this sen se, he was distinguished from other human beings and he could not be simply said to be the wisest or greatest man at his time, as he was fundamentally different from his fellows (1 John 19).The deity of Christ the divine and transcendent aspect of Jesus disdain the emphasis on Jesus true humanity, there is little mistrust about the divinity of Christ. It was cl too soon taught in the Bible that Jesus was regarded as more than human he was called graven image (John 2028) and Son of theology (Mark 11), was worshiped (Matt. 22) and honored the same as the initiate (John 523), was omniscient (John 2117) and resurrects (John 539).Son of God, Son of ManBeing called the Son of God and Son of Man in the New Testament, Jesus seemed to receive these glosss so as to fulfil a messianic purpose.Jesus does not worry to himself as the Son of God, rather, he was named so by the heavenly voice at his baptism.4The term was also frequently use in the Pauline gospels. This title is clearly connec ted to a messianic purpose whilst accepting it, Jesus assumed to be the Son of the Father perform One with the Father both in activity and will (i.e. the rightful Son in nature, whereas men can only be perplex sons of God by adoption). Hence, he assumed his roles of saving and judging.More interestingly, in the gospels of John, he equally referred to himself as the Son of Man. It seems that this enigmatic title was mainly used in three different contexts 1) to address the oracle Ezekiel (e.g. Ezekiel 2)1 to refer to humanity in general and his humility (Psalm 814) to refer to a figure representing the end of history.5Hence, it seems that he used this title when he emphasised his authority and power of judging.LordThe statement Jesus Christ is Lord (Greek kyrios, Hebrew adonai) is frequently used in the New Testament Thomas called the resurrected Jesus My Lord and my God (John 2028), so does the Father Your throne, O God, will last for ever and ever. (Hebrews 18).6Interestingly, Mc Garth noted in her Christian Theology that in Torah readings, Lord had become synonymous with God in Jewish thinking by the time of Jesus, which might absolve Jews refusal to address the Roman emperor as Lord.7Thereby, Jesus is more than a charismatic figure but the saviour of the world (Luke 21) citizenry could pray to him as they would pray to God and worship God. More importantly, Jesus received honor and glory from the Father and reveals the Father Anyone who has seen me has seen the Father. (John 149) (329-330)WordIn the expectations of classical wisdom, Jesus is not only considered as uttermost of the Law, but also as the logos (word), i.e. the mediator between the seen and spiritual domain worlds.8In the gospels of John, Jesus is described as the Word who was God and was with God and was made flesh, (The Word became flesh (John 114), which confirms again the essential dual nature in the person of Jesus.The incarnation and three offices of ChristThe threefold office of Ch rist was first formulated by John Calvin as (1) Prophet (2) Priest, and (3) King.9Different from the prophet in the traditional sense, Jesus is both gave revelation from God and was himself revelation from God10, and this may explain why the title of prophet is absent in the epistles. As an go-as-you-please priest, Jesus fulfilled his office by offering himself as sacrifice for peoples sin. In his role of King, he reveals God to men (John 118) saves sinners (Gal 14) and judges men (Acts 1731), accomplishes Gods work including saving (Matt 123), face lifting the dead (John 525) and building his church (Matt 1618). He rules all all over the entire universe with wisdom and justice, and shall return as the King of Kings (Rev 1916).ResurrectionThe resurrection which was recorded in all four gospels remains as a debatable topic in Christology how to understand that Jesus pink wine from the dead, physically in the same body in which he had died? Should we interpret the word resurrect ion in a physical sense or a spiritual one? Despite the earlier doctrine of soteriology which consists in conversion of individuals, it now seems appropriate to say that the testimony of Jesus resurrection by the disciples (Look at my hands and my feet see that it is I myself. Touch me and see for a tactual sensation does not have flesh and bones as you see that I have. Cf Luke 2436-43) only confirms a faith in Jesus resurrection that had its origins in independent acts of divine revelation.11Scholars such as R. Bultmann argue that the disciples stimulate is too supernatural to be ascertainable, whereas K. Barth and S. Kierkegaard argued that the resurrection was merely literal in the Bible and could not be experienced by ordinary human beings and can only be accepted by faith alone.12Although it is difficult to render the definition of Christs resurrection as a bodily one in the early Christian doctrine, it must be recognised that this interpretation is core to Christian good life and reflects the hope that Jesus as the Son of God and the King of Kings will return with great glory to rule over the cosmos, judge the dead and establish his kingdom (Rev 1911).13Implications of the doctrineIt appears that the interpretation and understanding of Jesus in the Bible and Christology have various respectable ramifications. As what you believe affects what you do, the life of Jesus and his self-sacrificial love provides the reader with ethical teaching and affects his whole life. As H. R. Mackintosh rightly pointed out When we come to know God in the face of Jesus Christ, we know that we have not seen that Face elsewhere, and could not see it elsehow. Christ is the Way, the Truth and the Life, and there is no door, nor way, leading to the Father but by him.14(Word count 1655 words)

Diversification Is One Of The Growth Strategies Companies Marketing Essay

variegation Is unit of measurementy Of The ontogenesis Strategies Companies Marketing Essayvariegation outline involves expanding organizations trading operations by adding markets, services or product to the existing subscriber disembowel. The main pose of variegation is to all toldow the house to enter by- debates of line of credit that be distinct from existing line of occupation. If the raw(a) venture is think to the existing lines of wrinkle, and then it is called concentric variegation. On the other hand composite diversification takes patch when there is no common line of strategic relationship in the midst of the fresh and old lines of business. (Thomas n.d.)Concentric diversification occurs when a beau monde adds tie in products or markets. The objective of concentric diversification is to obtain strategic fit. strategical relationship allows a stiff to achieve synergism. synergism is combining twain or more parts of an organization to achiev e greater broad(a) effectuality together than would be experienced if the efforts of the independent parts were summed. Synergy might be obtained by combining companies with complementary marketing, fiscal, operating, and guidance efforts. monetary synergy weed be obtained by combining a firm with sound financial resources but giving less growth opportunities with a firm having great market prospective but weak financial possessions. Companies filter to stabilize income by beaming into businesses with diverse cyclical sales patterns.strategic relationship in operations pass on result in synergy by the balanced mix of operating units to increase overall efficiency. boilers suit efficiency can be improved by combining two or more units so that research and development or geminate equipment is eliminated. A nonher way to obtain operating synergy is possible by Quantity discounts through combined ordering. Yet another way to increase efficiency is to spread into an atomic num ber 18a that can use by-products from existing operations. centering synergy can be obtained if administration expertness and experience is utilise to varied types of situations. The experience gained by a manager in workings with unions in one firm might be applied to savvy management problems in another connection. Situations that appear similar whitethorn real require significantly dissimilar management strategies. Personality clashes and other situational differences whitethorn make management synergy difficult to attain. Even though managerial understanding and skills can be transferred, individual executives cannot transfer effectively.CONGLOMERATE diversificationThis is second form of diversification scheme. manifold diversification occurs when an organization diversifies into areas that are not related to its current line of business. Synergy whitethorn be a consequence of financial resources or the appliance of management expertise however the main purpose of this type of diversification is improved effectiveness of the acquiring firm. Little concern is given to obtain marketing or production synergy with conglomerate diversification.The main reason for adopting a conglomerate growth outline is that prospects in an organizations current line of business are not that attractive. Finding an attractive investment opportunity requires the organization to think options in other types of business.Companies excessively adopt conglomerate diversification climb up as a means of increasing the growth rate of the companies. gross revenue growth may make the confederation more lucrative to investors. Growth will result in increase of the control and respect of the firms summit executives. If the vernal area has development opportunities greater than the current line of business then conglomerate growth will be effective.But the biggest background knowledge ab forth conglomerate diversification strategy is the escalating in administrative related problems associated with operating unrelated line of businesses. Managers from different departments may give different backgrounds and may be hesitant to work together and bring out group efforts. Competition between different strategic business units for resources may include allocating appropriate resources from one division to another. These decisions may create spite and administrative problems between the units.Carefulness must also be exercised in entering industry with apparently bright prospects, in particular if the management team lacks ability or experience in the new line of business. Without more or less understanding of the new industry, a company may be unable to accurately estimate the industrys capacity to perform. Even if the newly started business is initially successful, it will eventually face obstacles. Executives from the conglomerate will consecrate to involve themselves in the strategies of the new venture at some point. Without capable skills or expe rience, the new business may face dead ends and threats of failure.Without some form of strategic fit, the joint performance of the individual units will not surpass the performance of the units functioning independently. In actuality, combined performance will come down because of controls positioned on the individual units by the parent corporation. Decision-making may turn out to be slower due to longer reappraisal periods and complex reporting systems.DIVERSIFICATION GROW OR BUY?Efforts to diversify may be either intragroup or immaterial. Internal diversification happens as a firm enters a different, but typically related, line of business but by developing a new line of business for itself. Internal diversification in a company slackly involves growing a firms product or market base. External diversification may accomplish the same result however, the company ventures into a new area of trade by purchasing another corporation or business unit. Mergers and encyclopaedisms a re common examples of external diversification.INTERNAL DIVERSIFICATIONOne way of internal diversification is to sell existing products in new markets. An organization may elect to widen its geographic base to dispense new clients, either inwardly its home country or in global markets. A business might also practise an internal diversification strategy by discovering new users for its current product. in conclusion, companies may try to deviate markets by escalating or declining the price of products to create them more supplication to customers of different earnings levels.Another way of internal diversification is to put up new products in existing markets. Normally this kind of strategy includes using existing channels of distribution to promote new products. Retailers frequently change product lines to take in new items that come into sight to have good market prospective. Johnson Johnson included a new line of sis toys to its existing line of things for infants. Packag ed-food companies have furthered salt-free or low-fat options to existing product lines. accumulate growth through internal diversification is also a possibility. This strategy would involve promotion new and not related products to new marketplaces. This strategy is the slightest used one amongst the internal diversification strategies, as it is the most adventurey. It requires the company to enter a new marketplace where it is not established and the company develops and launches a new product. Research and development expenses, as well as advertising expenses, will likely be uplifteder than if existing products were promoted. In effect, the investment and the possibility of failure are much greater when two the market and product are new.EXTERNAL DIVERSIFICATIONExternal diversification takes place when a company looks external of its current operations and buys gate to new marketplaces or products. Mergers are one general way of external diversification. Mergers take place wh en two or more firms merge operations to form one company, perhaps with a new name. These companies are usually of comparable size. The objective of a merger is to accomplish management synergy by building a stronger management team. This can be obtained in a merger by combining the management groups from the merged firms.Acquisitions, bordering form of external growth, happen when the purchased company loses its identity. The acquiring firm absorbs it. The acquired company and its property may be absorbed into an active business unit or remain together as an independent ancillary within the parent company. Acquisitions typically take place when a big firm purchases a smaller firm. Acquisitions are called pleasant if the firm being purchased is chummy to the acquisition. Unfriendly mergers happen when the administration of the company targeted for acquisition resists being purchased. (Thomas n.d.)Advantages and Disadvantages of associate DiversificationThe advantage of related s trategy is that expansion is easier because you already be on familiar terms with the industry you run in and you can leverage that knowledge.The drawback of this strategy is that if there is a cyclical downturn in the industry, company will feel the downturn in both the enfranchisement and the detailing business. The blow will be severe. There may also be issues with incorporating two businesses, and with over-estimating the financial earnings.Advantages and Disadvantages of Unrelated DiversificationThe benefit of purchasing an unrelated corporation is that companies decrease the risk of placing all your eggs in one basket and if the trade, or the industry, is hit hard by the market, or contest, or other success factors, then possessing an unrelated business may also help to offset the slumpWhy to invest in unrelated diversification? Companies may be able to invest in a new market or new product that has peaks when your business has valleys. Several businesses have seasonality hi ghs and lows if you can buy a business that has a high when your business has a tiny, you can compensate the low periods. (Advantages and disadvantages of Diversification n.d.)To diversify or not to diversify with respect to online companiesTo diversify or not to diversify is one of the trickier querys in front of Internet companies because the block up to entry is so low for a lot of online business models.The introductory difference when it comes to online businesses is that the expenditure of moving into adjacent areas may be appreciably lower than in the physical world. Given the elasticity of the online environment, the tough question for companies is- What kinds of development are synergistic with the central part of business, and which are rambling?It is ambiguous where Google, amazon and Yahoo will end up with their diversification strategies. amazon has been leasing out the infrastructure it has used to develop into an e-commerce giant. The company has principally tw o services, EC2, or Elastic Compute Cloud, and S3, or Simple entrepot Service, that offer on-demand computing agent and online storage, respectively. The services are sold as a usefulness where customers can purchase only the computing power or data storage they utilize. The pricing method at Amazon is fifteen cents per gigabyte per month for its storage service along with twenty dollar bill cents per gigabyte for data transferred in and out of Amazons computing centres. Google has announced Google Docs and Spreadsheets, an online parcel suite that would compete with Microsofts Office. During the same time Yahoo has get shit of a series of firms such as Flickr, a photo share website, and del.icio.us, a website for systematizing and sharing web bookmarks, among others. However after this Yahoo of age(p) vice president Brad Garlinghouse expressed grief that the company lacks a focused, unified vision. Due to a bevy of acquisitions, Yahoo might be challenging with itself in many areas such as photo-sharing and online video. Any acquisition needs to have some kind of profound business logical system behind it. Amazon moved from books to electronics to apparel and now to data storage. right off the problem is whats their core competency? Is it Book sales or e-commerce? If its e-commerce, mayhap computing power is just an addition of its existing line of trade. The biggest downside for Amazon is that consumers will come to depend on the companys infrastructure. Tomorrow if Amazon wants to condition its systems, it cant since it will have consumers locked into its services. There is a vast downside risk here. Coming to Google it looks like Microsoft, a company that generates just about all of its earnings from one or two businesses. The online companies should think ahead forward diversifying in to other businesses. At the same its not so better(predicate) to stand still in internet business because competition is high and replication of business model is e asier than physical world. But companies should keep certain(p) things in mind before expanding their business like finding inwrought synergies that can lead to growth. (werbach 2006)CONCLUSIONDiversification strategies help companies expand their operations in to different business markets. Companies also adopt diversification strategy to reduce the risk by moving in to several business areas. Concentric diversification occurs when a company adds related products or markets. Conglomerate diversification occurs when an organization diversifies into areas that are unrelated to its current line of business. The main aim of diversification is to allow the firm to go into lines of business that are dissimilar from current operations.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would like to thank our professor Mr. DM Sezhiyan, Department Of Management Studies, National Institute of Technology, Trichy for his encouragement and support end-to-end this work. He not only guided me but also helped me with the egres s to understand, and communicate it to this paper.I would also thank Dr. M. PUNNIYAMOORTHY (Head of the Department), National Institute of Technology, Trichy who has been a uninterrupted source of motivation and support all through the work.Finally I would like to thank my family and well wishers for their boundless love and constant encouragement.

Article Analysis: Philippine Public Administration

Article Analysis Filipino everyday AdministrationWilliam Christian P. Dela CruzCorpuz, Onofre. (1986). Is in that respect a Philippine Public Administration?. Reprinted from Philippine Journal of Public Administration 30 (4) (October 1986) 368-382.An Article CritiqueIn his article writerize Is There a Philippine Public Administration?, Dr. Onofre Corpuz attempts to explain and settle the scope of political relation as he believes that this is crucial to establishing the scope of atomic number 53s ain life, which ought to re of import clubby and inviolable from reality trespass. He writes, The fact that the scope of government has not been discussed is not opposed. As such, the article focuses on the role of government and its scope in an effort to reply the fundamental caput concerning the existence of a Philippine Public Administration. Although the essay has no explicit yes or no answer to the question at hand, it goes without saying that there is indeed a Philippine Public Administration inas oftentimes as there ar major Philippine institutions that shape such, to wit education, regime, and government.By looking into the logical development of the ideas presented in the article, it apprise be said that the springs way of move his message across is descriptive, historical, and discursive. In explaining the transition of each Philippine institution, the source employs details of different regimes in Philippine taradiddle and links them to the question at hand. It is also discursive because the author spends a lot of measure dealing with several details that are merely slightly attached with the articles main thesis.On Philippine education, he asserts that history and science are the weakest aspects, which I value is evident in the circumstance quo. The book of Ferdinand Marcos entitled Tadhana, which was written in 1976, is also mentioned in the article. Corpuz implies that the last mentioned is not reminiscent of the true history o f the Filipinos inasmuch as its main characters are foreigners and majority of the people that it features are Spaniards. He describes the Filipinos lack of a awareness of history as fateful and the sense of nationhood in the civil attend as fuzzy. He also mentions how media continues to influence a bountiful number of audience at present, laments over the way we treat standards of clearcutness and quality, and explains the repercussions of the governments act of neglecting the Bureau of Standards. He writes, It is the same causality for the fantasy of having m any(prenominal) intellectuals in the country.On Philippine institution, the author briefly reminisces the Filipinos past experiences under the Spanish regime. During this period, the author writes, The Filipinos were deprived of any meaningful experience in the politics of civil government. The gobernadorcillos or town mayors, who were chosen from the f number class, were nothing more than figureheads of the Spaniards. Yet, beyond the politics of civil government, the local upper class developed its own politics, which was the pueblo apparitional fiesta. Members of prominent pueblo families competed for a post c all in alled hermano mayor, the one who sponsors and presides over the celebrations. Efforts and face-to-face expenditures were necessary to achieve this in exchange for few days of personal glory.The author argues that the main objective of the politics of civil government is to allot the general welfare of the community, which is far different from the politics of the fiesta that only(prenominal) seeks personal success and that of the family, after one prevails over his opponents. In some other words, the goal of the former is entirely public, while the goal of the latter is intelligibly private. The author argues that this loving of politics, which is only contested by the people of the upper class as it keeps average people out, remains evident at present and even became the ba sis during the Ameri muckle period.On Philippine government, the author describes the quality of public administration during the American period as manifested by the way equipment, from tables and tools to books, were kept by property officers. However, the American regime was only limited as its only purpose was to govern the country as a colony, thereby maintaining US presence in the East. During this period, not all levels of education were funded by the national government. For example, elementary schools were run by municipal governments. Despite all these, the traditional structure of Philippine society remained with the principalia on top and the common people below them. Because the Americans take over introduced the concept of general elections, they thought they have already established a working majority rule. The achievement of autonomy in 1935 marked the emergence of Filipino concepts of politics and government. The author mentions the expansion of the national gover nment as it has taken broad control of Philippine educational institutions. The author also talks around how connections between private businessmen and politicians developed during the time when private enterprises were set by the government. The author writes, Even in the best of times, public administration cannot perform its roles well.In his immortal argument, the author asserts, The period of nationhood is much shorter than the history of colonial experience. Despite this, the author still believes that the kind of public administration that exists in the country is truly Filipino, citing the concept of governmental padrinos and the one-man leadership in political parties. Furthermore, he talks astir(predicate) the Civil Service Commission and the defects inherent in this constitutional commission. He argues that problems related to public administration remains pervasive as our political culture has failed to regard civil service as the foundation of government. He even compares the civil service to the Pasig River, which, as we all know, is biologically dead. In the end, the author implies the need to improve the public administration in the country as it is the only way to attain development for the people. jibe to Corpuz, the only good thing is the fact that the entirety of the peoples lives is not yet covered by the scope of government, which means that we can still pursue our personal interests privately. He ends his article with a goal, to have a public administration that is an image of higher ideals and values.Overall, it can be said that this article has contributed a lot to the present articulate of Philippine Public Administration as it provides a clear telescope of the major institutions that continue to influence this field. According to Brillantes and Fernandez (2008), this is one of the two essays utilise in the introductory course in Public Administration some(prenominal) at the graduate and undergraduate level the other essay is that of Dr. Raul De Guzman. This only if proves the fact that indeed, this article serves as a major reference of about all researches or studies in the field of Public Administration at present, which is why Dr. Corpuz is considered an eminent scholar of the said field.Although the author has properly substantiated his lay claim regarding the existence of a Philippine Public Administration, it cant be denied that he has not clearly answered all the major questions raised at the beginning of his essay. As I have said earlier, the article seems to be discursive because it deals with a lot of things that are not relevant to the main thesis. I have also observed the lack of a fine-tune transition between paragraphs in the article. It appears as if every sub-heading was not connected to each other as they were discussed independently. Even in the articles concluding statements, the scope of government, which the author ought to define, remains unclear, although the question regar ding the scope of private life was partly addressed. What readers are sure about is the fact that the public administration that exists in the country is indeed Filipino.To improve this article, it would be break-dance if answers to the questions raised in the introductory part were explicitly given, not implied. Also, I think that the use of figurative language (I refer to the choice of words) is harmful insofar as comprehensibility is concerned. In other words, I think there is a need to simplify the article in distinguish to easily put its message across various readers. It would also be better if the author defined the scope of every institution as basis for the scope of the entire government, which remains poorly defined, so to speak.

What Is The Human Capital Management Commerce Essay

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